THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

GIFT  OF 

James  T,  Moynihan 


GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS 

TO 

PLANT  EMPLOYES 


UTAH  POWER  AND  LIGHT  COMPANY 


POWER  DEPARTMENT 


First  Edition. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah. 

June  1,  1922  Copy  No 


LOAN  STACK 
GIFT 


INSTRUCTIONS  IN  ADDI- 
TION TO  THOSE  IN  THIS 
BOOK  AND  SPECIAL  TO 
EACH  PLANT  WILL  BE 
FOUND  IN  SEPARATE  BOOKS 
ENTITLED  TO  THAT  EFFECT. 


443 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

I — Introduction '. 9 

II — General  Instructions  10 

III — System  Operation    12 

IV — Plant  Organization  and  Operation 13 

Plant    Superintendent    14 

Station    Operator    15 

V— Safety    First    17 

Visitors  19 

Working  Near  Live  Circuits   19 

Working  on   Station   Apparatus    20 

Grounding    21 

Miscellaneous  Precautions   21 

VI — Resuscitation  and  First  Aid 23 

Resuscitation  From  Electric  Shock 23 

First  Aid    24 

VII— Fire   Rules 24 

General    24 

Hydrants  and  Fire  Lines   24 

Hose 25 

Wrenches  25 

Fire  Extinguishers  and  Water  Buckets 25 

Alarm  Bells 26 

Oil  Risks    26 

Danger  From  Live  Wires   26 

Oil  Fires 27 

Pyrene   Extinguishers    29 

Insulation    Fires    29 

Concealed  Fires 29 

Location    of   Fire   Mains   and    Hydrants    30 

VIII — Records,  Reports  and  Standard   Forms    30 

General   30 

Verbal   Reports    31 

Trouble  Reports    31 

Accident  or  Sickness  Reports 31 

Morning  Report 31 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS— Continued 

Page 

Written   Reports    32 

Letter  Writing 32 

Quarterly  Inspection  Report 32 

Personnel   Reports    39 

Standard   Forms    40 

Daily  Station  Log  Sheets   40 

Daily  Time  Reports   41 

Discharge  Tickets  45 

Material   Requisitions    46 

Shipping  Directions   47 

Preparation  of  Requisitions  47 

Description  of  Articles   47 

Classification     48 

Local  Purchase  Orders  50 

Copies   of   Orders   and    Receiving   Slips    52 

Expense  Account    53 

Automobile  Reports  55 

Toll  Call  Records  56 

Expenditure    Requisitions    56 

Work  Reports 58 

Stores  Accounting    58 

Form    97-A — Stores  Record  Card   58 

Form  106 — Monthly  Record  of  Supplies 

from  Stores   59 

Form  107-B — "Requisition  on  Storekeeper"....  60 

Form     63-A — Memorandum  of  Transfer   60 

Inventories    61 

Employment  Agreement 62 

Leave  of  Absence  Permits    63 

Employes'    Communication    Form    63 

Report   of   Injury    64 

Operating  Expense  Accounts    65 

Hydroelectric  Power  Production    65 

Operating     65 

Maintenance    66 

Steam  Plant  Power  Production    69 

Operation  69 

Maintenance    .  70 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS— Continued 

Page 

Transmission  and  Telephone  Line  Accounts   

Operation 73 

Maintenance    

Substation  Accounts    75 

Operation 

Maintenance    75 

Appendix    76 

IX — Operation,  Inspection  and  Maintenance  of  Equipment.  .  .. 

1.  Hydraulic    Apparatus    

2.  Governors     78 

3.  Generators    79 

(a)  Alternating  Current  . .  79 

(b)  Direct    Current    80 

4.  Transformers  82 

5.  Lightning    Arresters     84 

6.  Oil  Switches    86 

7.  Switchboard  Equipment 87 

8.  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Equipment    88 

9.  Regulating    Equipment    91 

(a)  Tirrill  Regulators    91 

(b)  Induction   Regulators    92 

10.  Storage  Batteries    92 

Lead  Plate  Storage  Batteries   93 

Pilot  Cell  93 

Floating    93 

Discharge   Limits    94 

Charging    94 

Equalizing  Charge    94 

Charge  After  Discharge   94 

Ventilation     95 

Replacing    Evaporation     95 

Cell  Readings  95 

Pilot  Cell  95 

Individual  Cells   95 

Inspection    96 

Indications  of  Trouble 96 

Exposed  Flame    96 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS— Continued 

Page 

Impurities    96 

Sediment    97 

Leaking   Cell    97 

Cleanliness     97 

Edison  Storage  Batteries   97 

Caution   97 

Height  of  Solution    98 

Watering    98 

Charging    98 

Ventilation     .. .  98 

Temperature     99 

Regular  Charge   99 

Tapering   Charge    99 

Cleaning  100 

Protective  Coating   100 

Solution  Renewal    100 

Caution   101 

11.  Bearings  and  Lubrication   101 

12.  Auxiliaries    103 

13.  General 103 

(a)  Wiring    103 

(b)  Piping  103 

(c)  Operating 104 

(d)  Maintenance   1 04 

(c)   Station  on  Standby  Basis    105 

(f)  Local  Circuits    107 

(g)  Fuses 107 

14.  Shop  and  Repair  Equipment   107 

15.  Company   Houses    108 


I—INTRODUCTION 

This  instruction  book  has  been  written  for  the  purpose 
of  placing  in  a  convenient  form  certain  information  rela- 
tive to  the  general  method  of  operation  of  the  department, 
its  definite  regulations  and  policies,  and  other  more  or  less 
detailed  instructions  and  information,  all  of  which  will  be 
of  benefit  to  employes  in  the  proper  performance  of  their 
duties. 

All  important  enterprises  are  governed  by  certain 
general  and  specific  directions,  whether  in  the  form  of 
laws,  regulations  or  rules,  in  order  to  obtain  correct 
uniformity  of  action  and  cohesion.  It  is  realized  that  rules 
to  cover  all  conditions  would  be  too  voluminous  to  be 
effective,  and  would,  undoubtedly,  cause  confusion.  The 
following  general  outline  is  therefore  given,  with  the 
expectation  that  the  best  results  will  follow. 

These  instructions  are  applicable  at  all  of  the  stations. 
There  are,  in  addition,  individual  instruction  books,  one 
for  each  station.  In  each  of  these  will  be  found  certain 
instructions  applicable  only  to  that  station. 

Alterations  and  additions  to  these  instructions  will  be 
made  from  time  to  time,  and  suggestions  from  employes 
in  regard  to  such  changes  are  particularly  desired,  and 
will  always  be  welcomed  and  given  consideration.  Such 
suggestions  are  not  only  a  privilege,  but  a  duty. 

All  employes  should  be  thoroughly  familiar  with  these 
instructions,  and  new  operators  shall  carefully  read  and 
sign  the  station  copy  before  assuming  shift  duties.  How- 


ever,  this  should  not  be  the  only  time  they  are  read.    They 
should  be  continually  studied. 


II— GENERAL  INSTRUCTIONS 

We  are  engaged,  primarily,  in  rendering  "Efficient 
Public  Service."  Specifically,  this  department  is  engaged 
in  the  generation  and  transmission  of  electrical  energy  in 
such  a  manner  that  "Efficient  Public  Service"  may  result. 
There  are  certain  essentials  that  every  employe  must  know 
and  appreciate  in  order  that  the  above  results  may  be 
obtained.  One  of  the  most  important  of  these  is  the 
interest  of  each  employe  in  the  success  of  the  Company. 
You  must  realize  that  the  success  of  the  organization  will 
depend  upon  you  and  your  own  success.  You  should  al- 
ways work  for  Results. 

There  are  many  opportunities  in  and  around  a  plant 
to  obtain  experience  in  and  increase  your  knowledge  of 
the  various  operations  essentially  necessary  for  the  proper 
discharge  of  your  duties  and  to  qualify  for  promotion.  It 
is  an  axiom  in  all  industries  that  the  trained  man  is  the 
one  who  succeeds;  is  the  last  one  to  be  laid  off  in  time 
of  stress  and  the  first  to  be  considered  when  promotions 
are  possible.  It  is  expected  that  employes  will  Look  for 
and  Find  these  opportunities,  regardless  of  their  regular 
hours  of  work.  There  are  available  various  blue-prints 
of  station  wiring,  piping,  machine  details,  etc.,  as  well  as 
instruction  books,  written  by  the  manufacturers  and 
others,  on  the  various  equipment.  You  will  find  it  to 
your  interest  to  become  familiar  with  these,  as  you  are 

10 


expected  to  understand  the  construction  and  operation  of 
all  apparatus.  Your  rate  of  advancement  depends  upon 
your  knowledge  of  the  apparatus  in  the  station. 

The  Plant  Superintendent  is  responsible  for  the  operat- 
ing results  obtained  at  his  station.  To  get  results  he  must 
have  his  men  trained  properly.  He  should  encourage  them 
to  put  forth  their  best  efforts  in  study  and  should  con- 
tinually check  up  on  their  progress,  and  be  free  with 
helpful  and  constructive  criticism. 

Doubtless,  there  come  times  when  you  are  discouraged 
at  the  supposed  lack  of  interest  shown  in  your  individual 
progress.  You  should  guard  against  these  moments  and 
keep  on  with  your  study  and  application,  because  there 
is  always  someone  who  is  aware  of  the  kind  of  results  you 
produce,  and  when  they  are  of  the  right  quality,  has  you 
in  mind  for  better  things. 

Another  very  important  essential  in  the  rendering. of 
"Efficient  Public  Service"  is  the  realization  that  interrup- 
tions to  customer's  service  must  be  reduced  to  the  absolute 
minimum.  This  result  can  only  be  obtained  by  constantly 
giving  the  closest  scrutiny  to  all  apparatus  and  lines  and 
having  all  tools  and  repair  material  in  good  condition 
and  in  their  proper  places.  And  in  case  of  an  interrup- 
tion to  a  customer,  because  of  failure  of  line  or  apparatus, 
it  is  very  necessary  that  the  best  possible  judgment  and 
effort  be  used  to  restore  normal  service  in  the  least  pos- 
sible time.  This  calls  for  both  high  speed  in  work  and 
particularly  strong  effort,  regardless  of  the  time  of  day 
or  night  or  weather  conditions.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed 
that,  because  the  interruption  might  possibly  occur  at  a 
time  when  it  would  be  least  felt  by  the  customer,  that 

11 


the  restoration  of  normal  service  should  be  delayed  by 
handling  the  matter  in  a  routine  way.  Normal  service 
should  be  restored  in  all  cases  at  the  first  possible  moment, 
and  extraordinary  effort  made  to  accomplish  this  result. 
In  order  to  give  "Efficient  Public  Service"  it  should 
be  apparent  to  each  and  every  employe  that  efficiency  must 
be  practiced  in  every  way  possible.  There  are  many 
operations  and  every  day  occurrences  in  which  it  is 
always  possible  to  improve  upon  the  method  followed  or 
the  practice  used,  in  order  that  better  efficiency  will  result. 
Watch  for  these  opportunities.  In  the  spending  of  Com- 
pany money,  in  the  use  of  material  and  in  the  spending 
of  time,  for  which  you  are  paid  by  the  Company,  the  same 
economy  should  be  practiced  as  should  be  if  the  expense 
was  to  be  borne  by  you  personally.  Avoid  waste  and 
inefficiency. 

Ill— SYSTEM  OPERATION 

That  part  of  the  Company  property  coming  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  this  Department  consists  of  a  number 
of  generating  stations,  substations,  storage  water  control 
stations,  transmission  lines  of  various  voltages,  and  tele- 
phone lines,  all  interlinked  into  one  network  or  system. 
The  routine  operation  of  these  various  parts,  as  a  whole, 
is  accomplished  through  the  System  Dispatchers.  Obvi- 
ously, the  best  spirit  of  co-operation  possible  should  be 
extended  to  the  Dispatchers,  in  the  execution  of  orders 
and  the  giving  of  all  reports  as  hereinafter  outlined,  in 
order  that  the  system,  as  a  whole,  can  be  operated  most 
efficiently. 

12 


To  avoid  misunderstanding,  and  to  prevent  accident, 
each  person  receiving  an  unwritten  message,  concerning 
the  handling  of  lines  and  equipment,  shall  immediately 
repeat  it  back  to  the  sender,  and  secure  his  acknowledg- 
ment. Each  person  sending  an  unwritten  message,  shall 
require  it  to  be  repeated  back  to  him  by  the  receiver. 
Each  person  transmitting  or  receiving  an  unwritten 
message,  must  be  absolutely  certain  of  the  identity  of 
the  man  to  whom  he  is  giving  the  order,  or  from  whom 
he  is  receiving  it,  and  he  will  be  held  responsible  for 
this  knowledge. 

All  switching,  affecting  the  operation  of  the  system, 
is  to  be  done  on  orders  from  the  System  Dispatchers. 
Exceptions  to  the  foregoing  rule  are  permitted  only  in 
emergency  cases,  to  avert  danger  to  life,  property,  or 
apparatus,  or  to  relieve  a  shorted  line,  or  as  indicated 
under  "Standing  Orders,"  when  communication  with  the 
Dispatcher  is  impossible,  but  under  these  exceptions,  never 
charge  or  enliven  a  transmission  line,  previously  "killed'* 
by  order  of  the  Dispatcher,  or  a  transmission  line  which 
has  previously  tripped  or  been  opened  on  trouble,  and  on 
which  the  dispatcher  has  given  any  switching  orders.  Such 
a  line  must  never  be  charged  except  upon  direct  order 
from  the  dispatcher. 

IV— PLANT  ORGANIZATION  AND 
OPERATION 

The  number  of  men  employed  at  any  plant  will  de- 
pend upon  its  relative  size  and  importance,  and  upon  the 
conditions  under  which  that  plant  is  operating.  The 

13 


outline  of  each  plant  organization  will  be  found  in  the 
individual  instruction  book  for  that  plant.  Some  of  the 
duties  of  the  Superintendent,  operators  and  other  em- 
ployes will  be  outlined  in  the  above  mentioned  book,  and 
some  in  the  following  pages  of  this  book,  under  the  equip- 
ment with  which  those  duties  are  especially  concerned. 
However,  there  are  a  number  of  general  duties  of  the 
Plant  Superintendent  and  Station  Operator  which  it  would 
be  well  to  point  out  here. 

Plant  Superintendent 

The  Plant  Superintendent  must  realize  that  he  is  in 
charge  of  the  Company  property,  and  that  he  has  the 
entire  responsibility  for  its  operation  and  maintenance. 
He  is  responsible  for  the  proper  performance  of  duty  by 
all  employes  under  his  direction,  and  should  make  daily 
inspections  to  see  that  nothing  is  being  neglected.  He 
is  also  responsible  for  the  maintenance  of  the  morale  of 
all  employes  under  his  direction.  He  should  see  that  a 
spirit  of  cheerful  co-operation  exists  at  all  times. 

Occasional  inspections  and  repairs  will  be  made  by 
travelling  representatives,  but  these  are  only  to  assist 
the  Plant  Superintendent  in  maintaining  apparatus  and 
equipment  in  the  best  possible  condition,  and  will  not,  in 
any  way,  relieve  the  Plant  Superintendent  from  responsi- 
bility. 

In  the  absence  from  the  plant  grounds  of  the  Super- 
intendent, a  representative,  appointed  by  him,  will  exercise 
the  functions  of  the  Superintendent.  In  each  such  instance, 
an  endorsement  to  this  effect  must  be  written  in  the 
Log  Book  before  leaving.  On  his  return  and  reassumption 

14 


of  duty,  notation  must  be  made  in  the  "Log  Book"  to 
this  effect. 

In  an  extreme  emergency  such  as  might  arise  in  case 
of  accident  to  the  Superintendent,  so  that  he  is  unable 
to  appoint  a  representative,  the  first  operator  on  duty 
will  assume  the  duties  of  Superintendent,  temporarily, 
or  until  he  is  in  receipt  of  more  specific  instructions. 

The  Plant  Superintendent  will  report  immediately, 
by  telephone,  to  the  Dispatcher,  all  unusual  conditions  or 
matters  needing  immediate  attention,  confirming  this  by 
telephone  or  in  writing,  or  both,  as  the  necessity  exists 
therefor,  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power. 

Any  special  items,  such  as  breaks  in  pipe  lines,  fail- 
ure of  station  apparatus,  etc.,  should  be  telephoned  in 
to  the  Dispatcher  before  8:30  each  morning,  in  covering 
the  previous  24  hours  for  the  morning  report.  This  does 
not  relieve  the  Plant  Superintendent  from  reporting  on 
all  unusual  matters  at  the  time  of  the  occurrence. 

Station  Operator 

The  Station  Operator  is  responsible  to  the  Plant 
Superintendent  for  the  condition  of  the  station  during 
the  hours  of  his  shift,  and  is  expected  to  know  at  all 
times  the  condition  of  all  apparatus,  such  as  the  amount 
of  load  on  all  generators  and  transformers,  the  condition 
of  switches,  governors  and  oil,  important  relay  settings, 
temperatures  of  the  various  pieces  of  equipment  and  the 
exact  hook-up  in  connection  with  electrical  circuits,  oil 
and  water  piping,  etc.,  and  will  be  held  responsible  for 
the  proper  performance  of  all  duties  arising  during  the 
hours  of  his  shift.  He  is  supposedly  competent  to  take 

15 


any  steps  necessary  to  relieve  an  immediately  dangerous 
condition,  and  should  do  so,  notifying  the  Plant  Superin- 
tendent at  the  earliest  possible  moment  of  conditions 
existing. 

When  there  is  more  than  one  operator  on  shift,  the 
first  operator  is  to  direct  the  other  operators  in  the 
performance  of  their  duties.  He  should  make  at  least 
one  complete  round  of  the  station  each  shift,  unless  the 
second  operator  is  new  or  not  competent  to  be  left  at 
the  switchboard  for  a  few  minutes. 

A  complete  record  of  conditions  and  occurrences  should 
be  kept  in  the  station  log  book.  It  should  show  all  fluctua- 
tions of  speed  and  voltage,  erratic  action  of  apparatus, 
switching  and  unusual  occurrences.  Whenever  records 
of  switching  are  made,  include  the  reason  for  switching 
and  show  what  apparatus  is  taken  out  of  service.  Show 
also,  from  whom  the  switching  orders  were  received. 
Note  all  changes  in  valves  or  pumps  or  other  apparatus 
concerned  with  the  station  operation. 

It  should  be  possible  in  referring  to  the  record,  at 
any  time,  to  determine  what  machines  were  running, 
what  apparatus,  if  any,  was  out  of  commission,  what 
switches  were  open  or  closed,  and  everything  else  of 
importance,  without  reading  back  for  days  or  weeks.  The 
statement  that  conditions  are  normal  is  not  sufficient. 
Normal  conditions  today  may  be  quite  different  from 
normal  conditions  at  some  future  date. 

Each  operator  on  assuming  duty  should  read  the  log 
book  notations  made  since  his  last  shift  and  check  the 
conditions  as  stated  therein,  and  then  record  in  the  log 
book  all  conditions  as  he  finds  them. 

16 


Mark  with  an  arrow,  in  red  ink,  in  the  log  book,  all 
items  involving  any  change  from  the  usual  operating 
conditions  at  the  time,  and  all  other  important  items. 

Record,  with  red  ink,  in  the  log  book,  any  failure 
of  apparatus,  and  a  memorandum  of  repair  work  on  any 
apparatus,  and  note  the  length  of  time  the  apparatus  was 
out  of  service. 

Record  on  the  station  log  sheet  hourly,  the  exact 
readings  of  instruments  listed. 

Reading  on  shift  should  be  confined  to  the  studying 
of  books,  technical  papers  and  such  other  literature  as 
will  be  of  educational  value,  and  in  no  case  should  it  be 
such  that  the  operator's  attention  would  be  directed  away 
from  his  regular  duties. 

Report,  without  delay,  to  the  Plant  Superintendent, 
all  unusual  and  abnormal  conditions  requiring  immediate 
attention,  and  if  such  conditions  might  affect  the  opera- 
tion of  the  system,  to  the  Dispatcher. 

Report,  at  the  close  of  shift,  to  the  relieving  operator, 
the  condition  of  all  apparatus  in  the  station  and  any 
unusual  disturbances  or  changes  that  may  have  affected 
the  operation  of  the  station.  Make  a  note  of  any  such 
conditions  in  the  log  book  and  sign  your  name.  Sign 
the  station  log  sheet.  The  operator  coming  on  shift  will 
then  read  the  notations  and  sign  his  name,  indicating  that 
he  is  aware  of  the  conditions  existing  at  the  beginning  of 
his  shift. 

V— SAFETY  FIRST 

The  most  valuable  asset  any  company  can  have  is  a 
safe  employe.  Don't  take  a  chance.  "Better  be  safe  than 

17 


sorry/'  When  an  accident  happens  involving  human  life 
and  limb,  everybody  loses.  When  an  unsafe  condition 
exists  report  it  promptly.  It  is  the  earnest  wish  of  the 
Company  to  provide  for  the  safety  of  its  employes  in 
every  way  reasonably  possible.  It  realizes,  and  expects 
its  employes  to  realize,  that  the  business  necessarily  has 
its  dangers,  and  that  they  are  tremendously  increased  by 
the  slightest  carelessness  of  any  employe.  However,  they 
can  very  largely  be  eliminated  by  the  constant  co-operation 
of  employes  in  the  use  of  care. 

It  is  the  Company's  wish  to  make  "Safety  First"  a 
fixed  practice,  not  a  mere  catch-word,  and  it  is  its  policy, 
now,  as  in  the  past,  to  do  everything  reasonably  within 
its  power  which  will  bring  about  this  result. 

The  character  of  the  dangers,  however,  is  such  that 
safety  to  the  employes  necessarily  rests  largely  in  their 
own  hands.  Each  employe  is  a  constant  guardian  of  both 
his  own  safety  and  that  of  his  fellows.  The  Company, 
by  adopting  "Safety  First"  as  an  unlimited  regulation, 
makes  it  the  duty  of  each  employe  to  guide  his  acts  by  this 
policy.  This  includes,  among  other  things,  a  duty  to 
report  to  the  Plant  Superintendent  every  defect,  even 
the  slightest,  in  any  equipment,  every  dangerous  arrange- 
ment of  equipment  or  method  of  work,  and  every  means 
of  increasing  the  safety  of  the  employes  and  of  such 
members  of  the  public  as  may  come  near  the  Company 
properties.  It  is  for  the  employes  to  make  the  rule  a 
practice  and  a  habit. 

In  order  to  provide  not  only  for  the  routine  work,  but 
for  the  personal  safety  of  the  men  on  shift,  and  against 
unnecessary  damage  to  equipment,  for  fighting  fires  and 

18 


for  various  other  emergencies  that  might  arise,  it  is 
very  necessary  that  an  adequate  force  be  within  hearing 
of  the  station  signals,  or  calling  distance  at  all  times. 
The  means  of  accomplishing  this  result,  as  well  as  the 
determination  as  to  the  size  of  the  force  necessary  to  in- 
sure protection,  must  be  decided  upon  by  the  Plant  Superin- 
tendent. He  must  realize  his  responsibility  in  this  matter, 
as  he  will  be  held  strictly  accountable  for  results. 

Visitors 

As  there  are  many  inherent  dangers  in  a  station, 
the  public  should  not  be  allowed  to  enter,  except  with 
the  approval  of  the  Plant  Superintendent.  Whenever  he 
gives  permission  to  anyone  to  enter  the  station,  he  shall 
provide  such  persons  with  a  suitable  guide,  who  will  see 
that  the  visitors  do  not  enter  particularly  dangerous  parts 
of  the  station,  or  go  dangerously  near  any  apparatus  or 
wiring. 

Working  Near  Live  Circuits 

To  prevent  accidents,  while  doing  work  such  as 
repairing,  cleaning,  wiping  or  dusting,  no  part  of  the 
body,  or  any  metal  object  carried  in  the  hands  or  pockets, 
should  be  permitted  within  one  foot  of  any  exposed  wiring, 
whose  potential  is  between  the  limits  of  250  and  7,000 
volts. 

No  bushing,  insulator,  collector  ring,  switch  or  instru- 
ment transformer  carrying  current  at  a  potential  above 
250  volts  should  be  touched,  under  any  circumstances, 
while  in  service,  except  with  treated  sticks  provided  for 
the  purpose. 

19 


Lightning  arrester  tanks  must  never  be  touched  ex- 
cept with  the  horn  gaps  open,  and  then  only  upon  orders 
of  the  Plant  Superintendent. 

The  following  clearances  are  recommended  in  working 
near  enlivened  apparatus  and  exposed  wiring  which  is 
charged : — 

250  to  7,000  volts 1    foot 

7,000  to  50,000  volts 2%  feet 

Above  50,000  volts 5     feet 

Working  on  Station  Apparatus 

When  about  to  clean  or  repair  any  apparatus,  do  not 
depend  for  protection  only  upon  an  open  oil  switch  if  dis- 
connecting switches  are  also  provided,  but  open  the  latter 
also.  If  disconnecting  switches  in  addition  to  oil  switches 
are  not  provided,  and  it  should  ever  be  necessary  to  depend 
only  upon  an  open  oil  switch,  the  oil  switch  should  be 
blocked  open  or  the  fuses  removed  from  the  control  circuit 
as  a  precaution  against  the  switch  being  accidentally  closed, 
and  if  possible,  the  separated  section  should  be  tested  with 
the  voltage  and  fequency  plugs. 

The  man  who  is  going  to  do  the  work  must  personally 
examine  all  oil  switches  and  disconnecting  switches  in 
connection  with  the  apparatus  and  be  absolutely  certain 
that  the  apparatus  is  "dead."  If  it  is  not  possible  to 
examine  all  switches  which  might  enliven  the  apparatus, 
then  the  incoming  line  or  lines  must  be  securely  grounded. 

Before  working  on  any  station  apparatus,  be  certain 
that  it  is  given  to  you  "dead"  in  each  instance  by  the 
Superintendent,  and  be  absolutely  certain  that  the  operator 
on  duty  knows  that  you  are  working  on  that  apparatus. 
The  Superintendent  must  hang  the  sign  "Men  at  Work"  on 
the  control  for  the  switch  or  switches  concerned  before 

20 


the  apparatus  is  given  to  anyone  "dead."  These  signs 
will  not  be  removed  until  the  man  has  reported  "clear" 
to  the  Superintendent. 

When  working  on  any  apparatus  operated  or  partially 
operated  by  springs,  such  as  the  General  Electric  Co.  Type 
H-3  oil  switch,  be  sure  that  the  fuses  are  removed  and  the 
catches  released  to  avoid  possibility  of  injury  from  these 
sources. 

When  ceasing  work  on  any  apparatus  report  clear  of 
same  to  the  Superintendent  and  do  no  further  work  until 
the  apparatus  is  again  given  to  you  "dead"  by  the  Superin- 
tendent. 

Grounding 

When  it  is  necessary  to  apply  a  ground  chain  to  any 
line  or  piece  of  equipment,  the  proper  method  is  to  always 
first  securely  fasten  one  end  of  the  chain  to  earth.  A  dry 
rope  or  cord  should  be  attached  to  the  other  end  of  the 
chain.  The  rope  or  cord  can  then  be  thrown  over  the 
circuit  and  the  ground  chain  pulled  onto  the  circuit  by 
means  of  the  rope  or  cord  from  a  safe  distance,  so  that 
should  the  circuit  prove  to  be  charged,  the  person  apply- 
ing the  ground  will  not  be  injured.  It  should  be  remember- 
ed that  a  chain  when  used  as  a  ground  connection  is  more 
safe  when  stretched  tightly  as  there  is  considerable  re- 
sistance between  the  individual  contact  surfaces  of  the  links 
when  the  chain  is  hanging  loosely  or  supporting  its  own 
weight  only. 

Miscellaneous  Precautions 

As  stated  before,  "Safety  First"  should  be  a  fixed 
practice  and  not  a  mere  catchword.  Of  all  the  organs  of 

21 


the  human  body,  probably  the  most  easily  injured  due  to 
carelessness  or  accident  is  the  eye.  An  injury  impairing 
the  eyesight  is  also  one  of  the  most  regrettable  that  could 
happen  to  a  person.  Reliable  goggles  or  other  safety  de- 
vices must  be  provided  and  should  be  used  in  such  opera- 
tions as  chipping  or  grinding,  or  any  work  where  flying 
particles  may  be  present.  The  best  means  of  protection 
against  flying  particles  from  an  emery  wheel  is  to  pro- 
vide a  suitable  guard  or  cover  over  that  part  of  the  wheel 
from  which  flying  particles  would  be  most  dangerous. 

Every  precaution  possible  should  be  followed  before 
entering  draft  tubes,  turbine  scroll  cases,  or  turbine  hous- 
ings, to  make  sure  that  all  valves  closed  will  remain  closed. 
This  may  sometimes  be  accomplished  by  removing  the 
fuses  to  control  circuits,  locking  the  control  valves  in  one 
position,  and  by  hanging  a  sign  "Men  at  Work"  on  all 
devices,  the  operation  of  which  might  result  in  the  loss 
of  life  or  the  flooding  of  stations. 

In  view  of  the  danger  to  life  from  low  voltages,  it  is 
very  necessary  that  extension  cords  and  lamp  cords  be 
made  up  according  to  specifications.  After  they  are  once 
properly  constructed  they  should  be  used  with  care,  and 
special  effort  should  be  exerted  toward  maintaining  them  in 
a  safe  condition.  The  cord  itself  should  have  a  heavier  and 
more  durable  outer  covering  than  the  plain  lamp  cord.  Many 
types  of  lamp  cords  are  a  source  of  danger  in  that  there 
is  a  metallic  connection  between  the  guard  and  the  lamp 
socket  and  hence  a  possible  electrical  connection.  The  handle 
should  be  of  wood  and  the  guard  itself  heavy  enough  to 
be  able  to  stand  up  under  hard  service.  The  guard  should 
be  fastened  to  the  wooden  handle  and  not  to  the  lamp 
socket  and  the  hole  in  the  end  of  the  handle  should  be 

22 


well  rounded  out  and  beveled  inside  where  the  cord  enters, 
to  prevent  undue  wearing  on  the  insulation  of  the  cord. 
The  practice  of  using  an  extension  lamp  without  the 
guard  should  not  be  tolerated. 

Burned  out  lamps  on  the  various  lighting  circuits 
within  the  station  and  around  the  grounds  should  be  re- 
placed promptly,  as  light  is  to  be  preferred  to  darkness  at 
all  points  where  men  are  required  to  work.  The  best  means 
of  accomplishing  this  is  to  permanently  assign  this  duty 
to  some  one  shift  or  to  some  one  man. 

In  handling  high  voltage  fuses,  always  use  the  proper 
safety  devices  provided,  and  never  use  the  bare  hands. 

Never  enter  the  room  where  storage  batteries  are 
installed  while  smoking  or  carrying  an  open  flame  of  any 
kind. 

VI— RESUSCITATION  AND  FIRST  AID 

Resuscitation  from  Electric  Shock 

Notices  have  been  placed,  giving  specific  directions 
for  the  resuscitation  from  electric  shock.  All  men  em- 
ployed about  any  station  are  expected  to  be  perfectly  famil- 
iar with  the  exact  procedure  in  case  of  accident.  The 
Superintendent  will  instruct  men  coming  to  the  station, 
and  all  employes  should  have  actual  drill  once  each  month 
and  notation  should  be  made  in  the  log  book  showing  the 
date  of  each  such  drill.  In  case  of  accident,  it  may  be  nec- 
essary for  one  man  to  perform  artificial  respiration  on 
another  for  a  period  of  two  hours  or  more.  In  order  to  do 
this  with  the  greatest  effectiveness  and  without  undue 
fatigue,  it  is  necessary  that  the  cycle  of  operations  be 
correct. 

23 


First  Aid 

Instructions  in  regard  to  first  aid  to  the  injured 
should  be  placed  in  conspicuous  places  around  the  station 
and  the  men  are  expected  to  become  familiar  with  the 
methods  outlined. 

Some  precautions  which  should  be  observed  in  the 
application  of  first  aid  are  as  follows: 

Avoid  using  too  much  iodine  and  do  not  make  applica- 
tion to  the  same  wound  more  than  once,  as  it  is  very  strong 
and  is  injurious  if  used  too  freely.  Always  wait  until 
the  iodine  is  dry,  before  covering  the  wound.  Never  use 
iodine  near  the  eyes,  ears,  mouth  or  nose. 

For  small  cuts  and  burns,  etc.,  use  the  small  packages 
of  gauze  and  don't  waste  and  contaminate  the  larger 
packages  by  opening  them,  but  save  them  for  use  on  larger 
burns  and  injuries. 

Keep  the  first  aid  boxes  filled. 

VII— FIRE  RULES 

General 

All  apparatus  must  be  kept  in  first  class  condition 
and  each  piece  of  equipment  in  its  proper  place.  The 
Plant  Superintendent  will  be  responsible  for  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  rule.  The  station  should  also  be  kept  free 
of  rubbish  and  combustible  material  which  is  likely  to 
be  the  cause  of  fire.  Keep  all  spare  oil  and  other  in- 
flammable material  out  of  any  rooms  where  there  is  any 
exposed  wiring  or  cables. 

Hydrants  and  Fire  Lines 

These  must  always  be  kept  in  working  condition  and 

24 


valves  should  be  operated  occasionally  to  make  sure  that 
they  are  not  stuck.  All  hydrants  shall  be  flushed  twice  a 
year.  Outdoor  hydrants  should  be  protected  with  a  suit- 
able covering  in  cold  weather — yet  without  impairing  the 
accessibility — so  that  they  cannot  freeze. 

Hose 

Ordinarily,  hose  should  not  be  left  attached  to  the 
hydrants,  because  the  leakage  past  the  valve  will  rot  it. 
Indoors,  however,  where  under  good  observation  and  pro- 
tection, hose  should  be  left  attached  to  hydrants  and  a 
small  hole  should  be  drilled  in  the  valve  or  nipple  so  that 
any  leakage  past  the  gate  will  escape  through  the  hole 
instead  of  wetting  the  hose. 

Rubber  lined  hose  should  be  tested  by  running  water 
through  it  at  least  twice  a  year  and  by  testing  it  to  full 
pressure  once  a  year.  Unlined  cotton  hose  should  be 
tested  to  full  pressure  once  a  year,  and  should  not  be  wet  at 
any  other  time,  except  in  case  of  emergency.  Fire  hose 
should  be  tested  in  hot  weather,  so  that  it  can  be  thorough- 
ly dried  immediately  after  testing.  The  regular  fire  hose 
should  not  be  used  for  any  other  purpose;  lawn  sprinkling 
and  similar  operations  should  be  performed  with  regular 
garden  hose,  or  worn  out  fire  hose.  Rubber  lined  hose 
must  never  be  folded,  and  instead  of  being  in  a  rack,  should 
be  rolled  in  coils  and  placed  on  a  shelf. 

Wrenches 

Particular  care  must  be  used  to  keep  the  wrenches 
and  spanners  in  their  proper  places. 

Fire  Extinguishers  and  Water  Buckets 

Water  buckets  must  always  be  kept  full  and  when 

25 


exposed  to  frost,  sufficient  salt  should  be  added  to  the 
water  to  avoid  freezing.  Chemical  extinguishers  must  be 
discharged,  cleaned  and  recharged  once  every  year.  The 
Pyrene  guns  and  dry  powder  tubes  must  be  kept  filled  and 
in  proper  working  order. 

Alarm  Bells 

The  emergency  alarm  must  be  tested  every  day,  pre- 
ferably at  a  specified  time.  If  a  regular  code  is  followed, 
the  emergency  system  may  be  used  to  call  operators  and 
the  Plant  Superintendent  during  ordinary  operation,  but 
such  use  is  not  recommended. 

Oil  Risks 

The  smallest  possible  quantity  of  oil  and  gasoline 
should  be  kept  in  the  station.  At  the  larger  stations,  all 
oil  except  that  which  is  absolutely  necessary,  should  be 
kept  in  a  separate  oil  house.  At  the  smaller  stations,  where 
no  oil  house  is  provided,  oil  should  be  ordered  only  in 
small  quantities  and  any  excess  kept  outside  of  station.  A 
convenient  way  to  store  lubricating  and  similar  oils,  is 
to  bury  the  barrels. 

Danger  from  Live  Wires 

In  using  fire  hose  or  extinguishers  around  live  wires, 
the  slogan  "Safety  First"  should  be  followed.  For  this 
reason  all  the  circuits  in  the  vicinity  of  a  fire  should  be 
killed,  but  the  danger  from  extinguishers  and  fire  hose  is 
not  great  enough  that  it  is  worth  while  losing  time  in  call- 
ing up  other  stations  and  asking  them  to  kill  the  line  out- 
side the  station.  If  a  fire  is  started  near  the  entrance 

26 


bushings  and  it  is  thought  advisable  to  kill  the  line,  the 
grounding  device  can  be  closed. 

Tests  have  shown  that  it  is  safe  to  use  a  fire  hose  at 
ordinary  pressures  within  the  following  distance  of  live 
conductors. 

130,000  volts 35  feet 

45,000  volts 20  feet 

12,000  volts 12  feet 

2,300  volts 8  feet 

At  a  high  pressure,  such  as  100  pounds  or  more,  the 
fire  stream  will  break  up  into  a  spray  so  that  it  can  be 
used  closer  to  a  high  voltage  conductor  than  is  possible 
at  a  low  pressure. 

Tests  have  shown  that  the  ordinary  2V2  gallon  chemi- 
cal extinguisher  can  be  safely  used  on  live  conductors  at 
the  following  distances: 

130,000  volts 20  feet 

44,000  volts 15  feet 

2,300  volts 10  feet 

The  above  data  is  given  for  the  information  of  the 
operators  in  order  that  they  may  have  confidence  in  the 
use  of  the  fire  fighting  equipment,  but  it  is  not  recom- 
mended that  a  stream  of  any  kind  be  directed  on  live 
wires. 

Do  not  attempt  to  kill  an  arc  by  the  use  of  any  fire 
extinguisher,  but  kill  the  circuit  which  is  in  trouble. 

Oil  Fires 

Operators  should  take  no  chances  with  oil  fires  which 
have  started  in  the  vicinity  of  transformers,  electrolytic 
arresters  or  large  oil  switches.  In  such  cases  no  time 

27 


should  be  wasted  with  Pyrene  or  dry  powder  fire  extin- 
guishers, but  water  buckets  or  chemical  extinguishers 
should  be  used.  If  promptly  applied,  these  should  be  effec- 
tive, however,  the  fire  hose  should  be  made  ready,  so  that 
should  the  other  methods  fail  to  extinguish  the  fire  prompt- 
ly, it  will  be  available  for  quick  use.  The  popular  opinion 
that  water  will  spread  oil  fires  does  not  apply  to  small 
quantities  of  oil  such  as  ordinarily  cause  fires  in  our 
stations.  The  principal  danger  is  with  the  old  types  of 
transformers  which  do  not  have  tight  covers.  If  a  fire 
is  started  inside  such  a  transformer,  sufficient  air  will 
be  admitted  to  keep  it  ablaze.  One  or  two  buckets  of 
water  thrown  into  the  transformer  should  form  sufficient 
steam  to  extinguish  the  fire.  If  it  is  necessary  to  use  a 
fire  hose  the  water  should  not  be  turned  directly  into  the 
transformer  so  as  to  fill  it  up  and  cause  the  burning  oil 
to  flow  out  the  top,  but  instead,  the  water  should  be  direct- 
ed against  the  transformer  in  such  a  way  as  to  throw  a 
spray  into  the  flame  and  cause  the  formation  of  steam. 
The  chemical  extinguisher  should  not  be  turned  into  a 
transformer,  if  water  is  available,  as  the  acid  will  destroy 
the  insulation. 

Caution 

If  an  oil  fire  gains  much  headway  before  water  is 
applied,  the  steam  may  cause  an  explosion  which  will 
throw  burning  oil.  The  operator  should,  therefore,  direct 
the  stream  from  a  safe  distance. 

When  using  extinguishers  or  fire  streams,  make  every 
reasonable  effort  to  avoid  wetting  other  apparatus,  but  do 
not  be  afraid  of  wetting  the  apparatus  which  is  on  fire, 
because  damage  from  water  can  be  readily  repaired. 

28 


Pyrene  Extinguishers 

When  using  Pyrene  or  any  other  carbon-tetra-chloride 
extinguisher,  do  not  inhale  the  fumes  after  the  liquid  has 
come  into  contact  with  the  fire,  as  these  fumes  are  poison- 
ous. They  are  especially  dangerous  when  confined  in  a 
room  so  that  they  are  dense. 

Insulation  Fires 

Pyrene  should  only  be  used  on  insulation  fires  which 
have  been  started  by  arcs  around  switchboards,  telephones, 
etc.  It  is  unusual  to  find  such  fires  which  cannot  be  handled 
with  Pyrene,  but  if  it  appears  that  the  Pyrene  will  be 
ineffective,  or  if  it  is  making  sufficient  smoke  so  that 
other  apparatus  will  be  injured  by  the  smoke,  the  use  of 
Pyrene  should  be  abandoned  and  the  chemical  extinguishers 
or  fire  buckets  brought  into  use.  Fires  in  generator  wind- 
ings should  be  drowned  with  the  fire  hose  as  quickly  as 
current  can  be  shut  off.  Pyrene  is  no  good  for  this  kind 
of  fire  on  account  of  wind,  and  the  acid  in  the  chemical 
extinguisher  will  damage  the  insulation. 

Concealed  Fires 

Concealed  fires,  such  as  are  likely  to  occur  between  the 
walls  and  partitions  of  dwellings,  are  hard  for  amateurs 
to  handle.  In  such  emergencies,  do  not  be  afraid  to  use 
a  fire  axe  and  chop  holes  as  needed  in  the  weather  board- 
ing and  roof,  so  that  water  can  be  gotten  inside  the  par- 
tition. No  more  holes  should  be  cut  than  necessary  as 
they  cause  drafts  to  be  formed,  giving  air  to  the  fire.  All 
doors  and  windows  should  be  kept  closed  so  as  to  smother 
the  fire  as  much  as  possible. 

29 


Location  of  Fire  Mains  and  Hydrants 

A  sketch  of  the  buildings  and  grounds,  showing  the 
location  of  all  the  hydrants  and  fire  mains  should  be  posted 
conspicuously  in  the  station.  This  piping  is  usually  con- 
cealed and  unless  instructions  are  posted  in  a  conspicuous 
place,  operators  will  not  know  what  action  to  take  in  an 
emergency. 

VIII— RECORDS,  REPORTS  AND  STANDARD 

FORMS 

General 

The  various  station  records  should  be  properly  cared 
for  in  suitable  files  and  preserved  for  future  reference. 
These  records  include  sheets  of  recording  meters,  daily 
station  logs,  company  correspondence,  blue  prints  of  the 
development,  old  log  books,  and  all  other  reports. 

A  large  amount  of  the  business  of  this  department  is 
handled  by  means  of  reports  and  standard  forms.  Reports 
may  be  classified  into  verbal — or  telephone,  and  written. 
A  report  of  any  subject  should  be  brief  and  concise,  and 
at  the  same  time  contain  all  the  information  and  detail 
necessary  so  that  immediate  and  correct  action  can  be  taken 
without  any  questions  being  asked.  Although  everything 
may  be  perfectly  clear  to  the  man  making  the  report,  it 
may  not  seem  clear  to  a  person  reading  it,  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  writer  has  probably  omitted  some  detail  which 
seems  insignificant  to  him,  but  which  is  essential  for  a 
clear  understanding  to  one  who  does  not  actually  see  the 
existing  conditions.  In  making  a  report,  try  and  imagine 
yourself  in  the  position  of  the  one  to  whom  the  report  is 
being  given,  and  a  clearer  report  will  probably  result. 

30 


Verbal  Reports 

TROUBLE  REPORTS 

In  case  of  system  trouble,  it  is  very  necessary  that 
the  Dispatcher  get  reports  from  the  points  affected  as 
soon  as  possible,  but  due  to  the  large  number  of  stations 
and  substations  affected,  it  is  evident  that  there  will  be  a 
great  many  reports  given  in  within  a  very  few  minutes, 
and  it  will  be  necessary  to  get  the  most  important  ones 
first  in  order  to  clear  the  trouble  quickly  and  make  the 
interruptions  as  short  as  possible. 

In  case  you  have  a  disturbance  at  the  station  and 
cannot  get  in  touch  with  the  Dispatcher  at  once  and  all 
trouble  has  cleared,  do  not  be  impatient,  for  he  is  probably 
very  busy  switching  and  receiving  reports  from  other 
sources  and  you  can  report  a  little  later.  Of  course,  if  your 
report  is  very  important,  try  to  get  in  touch  with  the  Dis- 
patcher at  once.  The  Dispatcher  should  always  be  kept 
informed  of  any  unusual  conditions. 

ACCIDENT  OR  SICKNESS  REPORTS 

In  addition  to  the  written  reports  necessary  on  these 
subjects,  a  verbal  report,  covering  any  accident,  should  be 
made  immediately  following  any  such  accident  to  the  Claim 
Agent,  Dispatcher,  and  Power  Department  office.  A 
verbal  report  should  be  given  each  morning,  along  with 
other  items  of  the  morning  report,  covering  the  condition 
of  any  persons  who  are  sick  or  injured. 

MORNING  REPORT 

In  addition  to  the  reports  made  at  the  time,  concern- 
ing trouble  or  failure  of  apparatus,  report  of  such  items 

31 


should  be  telephoned  in  to  the  dispatcher  before  8:30  each 
morning,  covering  the  previous  24  hours  of  operation. 
Water  and  load  data  for  the  morning  report  should  also 
be  given  at  this  time. 

Written  Reports 

LETTER  WRITING 

Use  yellow  Company  letterheads  for  all  inter-Company 
correspondence,  sending  an  extra  carbon  copy  of  letters 
written  to  the  Power  Department  office.  Letters  to  other 
departments  should  be  written  as  being  from  the  Superin- 
tendent of  Power  by  the  subordinate  writing.  The  original 
of  such  a  letter  should,  of  course,  be  forwarded  to  the 
Power  Department  office  as  well  as  a  carbon  copy  for  the 
file,  and  a  carbon  copy  for  the  General  Superintendent's 
office.  It  will  then  be  looked  over  and  if  approved,  passed 
along  to  the  person  addressed. 

In  replying  to  letters  written  direct  by  a  subordinate 
in  another  department,  as  for  instance,  "A.  D.  Smith  by 
D.  0.  Kirk,"  still  another  carbon  copy  is  necessary,  as  the 
usual  practice  in  such  a  case  is  to  send  the  original  to 
Mr.  Kirk  and  the  carbon  copy  to  Mr.  Smith. 

It  is  always  preferable  to  treat  one  subject  only  in  a 
letter  as  this  not  only  facilitates  proper  filing,  but  tends 
to  avoid  possibility  of  some  portion  of  the  letter  being 
overlooked  and  avoids  the  necessity  of  making  extracts 
from  the  letter  if  it  is  referred  by  the  Power  Department 
office  to  some  other  person  or  department. 

QUARTERLY  INSPECTION  REPORT 
A  report  should  be  made  by  the  Plant  Superintendent 
to  the  Superintendent  of  Power  on  January  1st,  April  1st, 

32 


July  1st,  and  October  1st,  covering  a  complete  inspection 
of  the  Plant.  The  report  should  be  made  following  the 
outline  given  below  as  a  guide: 


1.  Dam  or  Intake. 

(a)  Condition  of  flashboards. 

(b)  Condition   of  screens. 

(c)  Condition    of    headgates. 

(d)  General   conditions — leaks,   undermining,  etc. 

(e)  Is  water  being  wasted?       Can  waste  be  stopped? 

(f)  Repairs   recommended. 

2.  Pipe  Line  or  Flume. 

(a)  Condition   of  grade   and   embankments. 

(b)  Condition   of  trestles,  bridges,  tunnels,  footings,   saddles, 

stand  pipes,  surge  tanks,  canal  crossings,  etc. 

(c)  Condition   of  conduit  and  coverings. 

(d)  Condition   of  gate    house,    spill   houses,   air   valves,   drain 

valves,  protection  against  freezing. 

(e)  How  many  feet  of  pipe  or  flume  will  repair  material  on 

hand  build? 

(f)  General  conditions. 

(g)  Recommendations. 

3.  Pressure  Boxes  or  Forebays. 

(a)  Condition  of  foundations. 

(b)  Condition  of  gates  and  screens. 

(c)  Condition  of  timbers,  etc. 

(d)  Repairs  recommended. 

4.  Penstocks. 

(a)  Condition  of  painting. 

(b)  Condition  of  steel  or  staves. 

(c)  Condition  of  anchorages   and   saddles. 

(d)  Condition  of  valves,  manholes   and  other  connections   as 

to   mechanical   injury   and   freezing. 

(e)  Joint  with  wood  stave  pipe  (if  any). 

(f)  Tailrace. 

(g)  Repairs    recommended. 

33 


5.  Turbines. 


(a)  General   condition. 

(b)  Temperature,   etc.,   of  bearings. 

(c)  Vibration. 

(d)  Thrust. 

(e)  Oil  wells  and  oil  filters  last  cleaned. 

(f)  Relief  valves. 

(g)  Leakage  of  gates   or  needles. 

(h)  Condition    of    buckets    and    baffle    plates.      Date    last 

inspected, 
(i)   Repairs  recommended. 

6.  Governors. 

(a)  General   condition. 

(b)  Emergency    trip. 

(c)  Condition  of  oil. 

(d)  Sound    of    oil    pump. 

(e)  Belts. 

(f)  Adjustment. 

(g)  Repairs    recommended. 

7.  Generators. 

(a)  Condition   of  windings    and   air   ducts. 

(b)  Temperature    of    windings. 

(c)  Temperature  of  iron. 

(d)  Temperature  of  bearings. 

(e)  When  oil  wells  last  cleaned. 

(f)  Number  of  extra  coils  on  hand  for  repairs.     Amount  of 

insulating   material   for  coils. 

(g)  Condition  and  temperature  of  cables, 
(h)   Collector    rings    and   brushes. 

(j)    Repairs   needed. 

8.  Exciters. 

(a)  Condition  of  windings. 

(b)  Condition  of  commutator. 

(c)  Condition   of  brushes. 

(d)  Temperature  of  bearings. 

(e)  When  oil  wells  last  cleaned. 

(f)  Condition  of  belt,  if  any. 

(g)  Repairs   needed. 

34 


9.  Oil  Switches. 

(a)  Name  plate  data. 

(b)  Circuit  on  which  used. 

(c)  Height  of  oil. 

(d)  Last    date    on    which    oil    tanks    were    cleaned,    and    con- 

tacts  filed  and  adjusted. 

(e)  Date  when  oil  last  filtered. 

(f)  Number  of  times  switch  has  tripped  under  heavy  current 

since   date   under   (e). 

(g)  Condition  of  mechanism, 
(h)   Condition  of  bushings. 

General  conditions. 
Repairs   recommended. 


10.  Relays. 

(a)  When   settings   were   last   checked. 

(b)  Condition  of  contacts. 

(c)  General    condition. 

(d)  Repairs     recommended. 


11.  Transformers — Power  and  Instrument. 

(a)  Temperature. 

(b)  Working  voltage  and  rated  voltage. 

(c)  Condition   of  bushings. 

(d)  Load    carried. 

(e)  Height  of  oil. 

(f)  Condition   of  oil. 

(g)  Cooling  water  piping,  pumps,  tower,  etc. 
(h)  Repairs  needed. 


12.  Lightning  Arresters. 

(a)  Character  of  arc  and  charging  current  of  each  stack. 

(b)  When  last  overhauled. 

(c)  General  condition. 

(d)  Horn   gap   settings,   caps   and  supports   in   multigap 

arresters. 

(e)  When   ground   resistance   last   measured. 

(f)  Repairs  needed. 

35 


13.  Wiring. 

(a)  Condition  of  high  tension  wiring  and  low  tension  wiring. 

(b)  Condition  of  control  wiring. 

(c)  Fuses  low  and  high   side  potential  transformers. 

(d)  Condition  of  conduit. 

(e)  Protection   from   moisture. 

(f)  Repairs    needed. 

14.  Outlet  Bushings  and  Hoods. 

(a)  Condition. 

(b)  Repairs   needed. 

15.  Switchboards. 

(a)  Condition  of  instruments  and  instrument  wiring. 

(b)  Condition  of  regulators. 

(c)  Repairs  needed. 

16.  Storage  Batteries. 

(a)  Voltage  of  cells. 

(b)  Specific  gravity  of  electrolyte. 

(c)  Deposit  in  jars. 

(d)  Condition  of  plates. 

(e)  Exposure  to  dust,  etc. 

(f)  Charging  rate  actual;  rated. 

(g)  Discharge  rate. 

(h)  Changes  recommended. 

17.  Telephones. 

(a)  Entrance  bushings  and  wiring. 

(b)  Switches,  lightning  arresters  and  grounds. 

(c)  Instruments. 

(d)  Drainage  and  insulating  transformers. 

(e)  General  conditions. 

(f)  Repairs  recommended. 

18.  Station  and  Surrounding  Buildings. 

(a)  Condition  of  station  painting;  appearance;  upkeep,  etc. 

(b)  Condition    of   warehouses,   freedom   from   rats   and   mice^ 

moisture,    temperature. 

(c)  Machine  shops. 

(d)  Oil    houses — as   to   fire   possibility   and   damage   to   other 

buildings. 

(e)  Recommendations. 

36 


19.  Living  Quarters. 

(a)  Condition  of  Quarters  building. 

(b)  Condition  of  Guest  rooms. 

(c)  Condition  of  company  furniture  and  equipment. 

(d)  Condition  of  cottages;  internal  and  external. 

(e)  Condition  of  piping  and  plumbing. 

(f)  Condition  of  wiring  for  heaters  and  lights. 

(g)  Condition   of  painting, 
(h)   Condition  of  grounds, 
(i)    Sanitary  conditions, 
(j)    Recommendations. 

20.  Vehicles  and  Hauling  Equipment. 

(a)  Condition  of  horses. 

(b)  Condition  of  stables. 

(c)  Condition  of  vehicles  and  harness. 

(d)  Feed;  kind  and  how  secured. 

(e)  Recommendations. 

21.  Tools  and  Repair  Material. 

(a)  Condition  of  tools  and  tool  racks. 

(b)  Condition  of  repair  material. 

(c)  Condition  of  machines,  tools  and  line  shafting. 

(d)  Is  there  on  hand  sufficient  material  and  repair  parts  to 

reasonably  provide  for  quick  repairs?  Consider  care- 
fully the  relative  importance  of  the  station  and  its 
output. 

(e)  Recommendations. 

22.  Fire   Protection. 

(a)  Condition  and  adequacy  of  fire  fighting  equipment 

(b)  Fire  risks  about  the  camp. 

(c)  Adequacy  and  tests  of  alarms. 

(d)  Recommendations. 

23.  Safety. 

(a)  Belt    guards,    danger    signs,    fences    about    high    voltage. 

(b)  High  voltage  wiring. 

(c)  Date  of  last  drill  in  prone  method  of  resuscitation. 

(d)  Recommendations. 

37 


24.  Use  of  Electric  Current. 

(a)  To  what  extent  is  current  being  wasted  for  lighting 

and  heating? 

(b)  In  the  interests  of  economy  what  changes,  if  any, 

should  be  made? 


25.  Motors,  Pumps,  Compressors,  Etc. 

(a)  Condition  of  windings. 

(b)  Temperature    of   windings. 

(c)  Temperature  of  bearings. 

(d)  When  oil  wells  last  cleaned. 

(e)  Height  of  oil  in  bearings. 


26.  Station  Records. 

(a)  Adequacy  of  notes. 

(b)  Method  of  keeping  correspondence  and  drawings. 

(c)  Preservation  of  old  log  books  and  records. 


27.  For  Steam  Plants. 

I  Fuel. 

(a)  Storage  facilities. 

(b)  Condition  of  conveyors,  etc. 

(c)  Condition  of  bunkers. 

(d)  Condition    of   ash-handling    equipment. 

(e)  Recommendations. 

II  Boilers. 

(a)  Method  of  firing. 

(b)  Condition    of   settings. 

(c)  Condition  of  steam  piping  and  water  lines. 

(d)  When  last  examined  by  Insurance  Inspector. 

(e)  Recommendations. 

III  Auxiliaries. 

(a)  Boiler  feed  pumps. 

(b)  Miscellaneous  pumps. 

(c)  Condensers,  etc. 
/(d)  Recommendations. 

38 


28.  Personal. 

As  opportunities  for  promotion  occur  each  man's  record  will 
be  carefully  considered. 

(a)  Your   opinion   of   each    individual   man. 

1.  Intelligence. 

2.  Mechanical  ability. 

3.  Electrical  knowledge. 

4.  Keenness  of  observation. 

5.  Decision  and  quickness. 

6.  Energy. 

7.  Reliability. 

8.  Memory. 

9.  Adaptability. 

10.  Personal  habits. 

11.  Ability  to  get  along  with  other  men. 

12.  General  temperament  and  ability. 

13.  Ability  to  direct  the  work  of  other  men. 

(b)  Disturbing  elements,  if  any,  and   general  atmosphere. 

(c)  What   changes   would   you    recommend? 

29.  Instruction  Books. 

(a)  Is  instruction  book  neatly  and  properly  kept  in  station 

immediately  available  for  reference? 

(b)  Has   it   been   properly   signed   by   all   employes? 

(c)  Is  it  being  properly  studied  by  all   employes? 

PERSONNEL  REPORTS 

Report  should  be  made  by  the  Plant  Superintendent 
to  the  Superintendent  of  Power  of  all  items  which  in  any 
way  affect  the  personnel.  This  includes  such  items  as  the 
arrival  of  a  new  man,  the  resignation  or  discharge  of  an 
employe,  with  full  details  in  each  case,  transfer  of  an  em- 
ploye from  one  plant  to  another,  recommendations  as  to 
changes  in  the  occupation  or  salary  of  an  employe,  and 
all  changes  in  housing  conditions  necessitating  changes 
in  salary. 

39 


Standard  Forms 

DAILY  STATION  LOG  SHEETS 

The  station  log  sheets  should  be  carefully  checked  and 
signed  by  the  Plant  Superintendent  and  mailed  to  the 
Superintendent  of  Power  at  least  every  three  days,  and 
daily  for  the  last  three  days  of  the  month.  They  should 
not  be  allowed  to  accumulate.  A  great  deal  of  this  data  is 
used  in  calculations  concerning  future  operation  and  regu- 
lation and  in  the  compilation  of  the  monthly  reports.  If 
any  of  the  data  is  not  sent  in  promptly  or  any  of  it  is 
omitted  or  is  incorrect,  an  unnecessary  hardship  is  forced 
on  all  the  men  who  are  in  any  way  connected  with  the 
work  of  compiling  these  figures. 

The  average  24  hour  available  load  as  shown  on  the 
station  log  sheet,  should  be  computed  by  the  Plant  Superin- 
tendent. Unless  instructed  otherwise  in  the  individual  in- 
struction book,  the  figure  covering  this  available  power 
should  be  computed  each  day  as  follows: — 

It  shall  be  computed  the  morning  following  the  24- 
hour  period  to  which  it  applies  so  that  the  entire  record 
of  actual  operation  may  be  used  as  a  basis. 

In  case  the  station  has  carried  all  load  possible  without 
drawing  on  or  adding  to  storage  during  the  entire  24-hour 
period,  the  available  power  will  be  the  total  generated 
K.  W.  H.  divided  by  24. 

In  case  storage  is  drawn  on  or  added  to,  the  available 
power  will  be  the  amount  which  could  have  been  carried 
had  storage  not  been  affected,  and  will  equal  the  total 
generated  K.W.H.  minus  or  plus  the  K.W.H.  generated 
from  this  change  in  storage,  divided  by  24.  The  storage 

40 


referred  to  is  local  pondage  and  does  not  refer  to  Bear 
Lake  storage  water. 

In  case  the  station  is  not  carrying  all  load  possible 
and  water  is  being  wasted,  the  average  available  power 
will  be  the  generated  K.W.H.  plus  the  K.W.H.  which  could 
have  been  developed  from  the  water  wasted,  (provided  the 
maximum  possible  output  of  the  station  is  not  exceeded) 
divided  by  24. 

In  case  the  output  is  reduced  due  to  apparatus  being 
taken  out  of  service,  which  could  have  been  avoided,  the 
average  24-hour  available  power  will  be  the  amount  which 
could  have  been  generated  if  the  apparatus  had  not  been 
taken  out. 

In  case  the  output  is  reduced  due  to  apparatus  being 
taken  out  of  service  and  which  could  not  have  been  avoid- 
ed, the  average  24-hour  available  power  will  be  the  amount 
actually  generated,  divided  by  24,  providing  there  has  been 
no  unnecessary  waste.  For  example;  if  there  is  water 
and  station  capacity  for  2000-kw  and  the  station  has 
operated  for  14  hours  at  2000-kw  generating  28,000-kwh 
and  then  due  to  a  burned  out  generator  or  some  other 
trouble  the  load  is  reduced  to  1,500-kw  for  the  remaining 
ten  hours,  generating  15,000-kwh,  the  average  24-hour 
available  power  will  be  15,000  plus  28,000  divided  by  24, 
or  1,790-kw. 

DAILY  TIME  REPORTS 

All  strictly  labor  items  should  be  handled  on  Daily 
Time  Reports,  Form-50,  Revised.  Promptness  in  mailing 
time  reports  is  very  important,  especially  near  the  middle 
and  the  end  of  the  month.  Unless  all  of  the  reports  for 

41 


the  first  half  of  the  month  are  in  the  Power  Department 
office  by  the  morning  of  the  18th  and  for  the  last  half 
by  the  morning  of  the  3rd  day  of  the  following  month,  the 
men  will  be  paid  short.  Forward  time  reports  at  fre- 
quent intervals.  Do  not  let  them  accumulate  for  a  week 
or  ten  days  and  then  send  them  in. 

List  the  name  of  the  superintendent,  or  person  in 
charge,  first  and  follow  with  other  employees  in  alpha- 
betical order. 

All  occupations  shown  on  time  tickets  should  conform 
strictly  with  title  shown  on  the  salary  authorization. 

Where  a  man  and  team  or  man  and  car  are  hired  the 
two  should  be  listed  separately  and  the  rate  divided  so  as 
to  show  correct  portion  for  each,  as  this  is  required  in 
making  Pay  Roll  Reports  to  the  State  Industrial  Com- 
mission. 

All  time  should  be  reported  in  straight  time  equiva- 
lent, whether  hourly  or  monthly  men.  That  is,  if  over- 
time is  allowed,  it  should  be  converted  to  straight  time, 
whether  it  be  overtime  on  regular  working  days  or  time 
put  in  on  Sundays,  Holidays,  Swing  shift  days,  etc.,  and 
reason  must  be  assigned  for  overtime. 

The  columns  headed  "Regular  Time"  should  be  care- 
fully filled  in  for  each  employee,  in  accordance  with 
"Working  Rules,"  showing  the  number  of  hours  per  day 
and  number  of  days  per  month  employee  regularly  works 
before  overtime  is  allowed.  In  the  case  of  monthly  men, 
if  the  employee  is  not  regularly  required  to  work  on  Sun- 
days, Holidays,  swing  shift  days,  etc.,  as  provided  in  the 
"Working  Rules,"  such  days  should  be  deducted  from  the 
number  of  calendar  days  in  the  month  in  determining  the 
number  of  "Regular  Working  Days"  for  the  month. 

42 


Of  course,  should  the  employee  be  absent  on  account 
of  vacation  with  pay,  sickness  or  injury  with  pay,  or  laid 
off  by  Company  due  to  stormy  weather  or  other  causes 
with  pay,  or  is  absent  without  pay,  in  accordance  with 
rule  23  of  Working  Rules,  the  pay  roll  department  will 
also  further  reduce  the  number  of  regular  working  days 
for  the  month  by  such  days  or  parts  of  days  so  absent. 

On  the  other  hand  should  the  employee  be  permitted 
to  lay  off  for  his  personal  convenience,  with  pay,  the 
regular  number  of  working  days  will  not  be  reduced  by 
such  time. 

If  employee  lays  off  without  adequate  notice,  his  pay 
will  be  discontinued  during  his  absence. 

It  will  therefore  be  necessary  to  make  memorandum 
on  daily  time  report  opposite  the  name  of  such  employees 
as  may  be  absent,  the  conditions  governing  his  absence. 
That  is,  whether 

1 — Absent  on  vacation   (with  or  without  pay) 

2 — Sickness  or  injury  (with  or  without  pay) 

3 — Laid  off  account  weather   (or  other  causes)   by 

Company    (with  or  without  pay) 
4 — Absent  for  his  convenience  (with  or  without 

pay.) 

The  usual  practice  in  reporting  time  off  is  to  show 
the  reason  opposite  the  man's  name  under  heading  "Dis- 
tribution of  Time." 

No  time  should  be  reported  unless  actually  worked, 
otherwise  where  an  employee  lays  off  and  the  time  is 
reported,  such  time  would  in  many  cases  be  paid  for  as 
overtime,  owing  to  the  reduction  of  the  required  regular 
working  hours  as  above  referred  to. 

43 


Note:  There  will  be  instances,  of  course,  where  an 
operator  may,  in  addition  to  his  own  shift,  and  merely  as 
ah  accommodation  and  without  overtime  expense  to  the 
Company,  work  the  shift  of  another  operator  who  wishes 
to  lay  off.  If  this  practice  is  permitted  by  the  Superin- 
tendent, then  the  operator  laying  off  and  the  operator 
substituting  would  each  report  time  only  for  their  regular 
shifts  respectively. 

The  "Nature  of  Work"  should  be  given  in  detail. 
For  instance,  if  an  operator  is  scraping  bearing  of  No.  1 
Generator  it  should  be  so  reported  rather  than  merely 
stating  "Working  on  Generator."  There  is  no  objection; 
in  fact,  it  is  preferable,  where  the  space  "Nature  of 
Work"  is  limited,  to  show  under  "Distribution  of  Time" 
additional  information  concerning  work  performed. 

When  an  employee  takes  his  vacation  over  a  period 
which  includes  one  of  his  regular  assigned  swing  shift 
days  such  swing  shift  day  will  be  automatically  cancelled 
as  being  included  in  his  regular  vacation  provided  for  in 
the  Working  Rules. 

The  usual  practice  is  to  grant  one  swing  shift  day  off 
during  period  first  to  fifteenth  and  one  during  period 
sixteenth  to  last  day  of  each  month.  But  it  is  necessary 
that  the  full  number  of  working  days  in  any  particular 
month  be  worked  in  order  that  both  swing  shift  days  be 
given.  For  instance,  if  an  operator  entered  our  employ 
on  the  5th  day  of  the  month  he  would  receive  only  one 
swing  shift  day  off  and  likewise  if  he  started  on  the  17th 
of  the  month  he  would  be  granted  no  swing  shift  in  that 
particular  month.  During  the  month  in  which  an  em- 
ployee takes  his  vacation  or  sick  leave  absence  of  two 
weeks  only,  one  swing  shift  day  will  be  allowed.  If  the 

44 


vacation  or  sick  leave  should  cover  the  latter  part  of  one 
month  and  the  first  part  of  the  following  month,  only 
three  swing  shift  days  will  be  allowed  for  the  two  months. 
If  a  man  is  absent  on  a  swing  shift  day  from  any  cause, 
that  swing  shift  vacation  is  cancelled.  However,  an 
operator  absent  on  account  of  sickness  during  the  period 
in  which  a  regularly  assigned  swing  shift  day  occurs 
should  have  such  day  charged  to  swing  shift  vacation 
rather  than  counted  as  part  of  sick  leave  allowance. 

In  case  a  cash  advance  is  made  to  a  man  the  receipt 
for  same  should  be  immediately  sent  in  attached  to  the 
daily  time  report  and  proper  notation  made  on  the  report. 
Such  advances  must  not  be  included  on  expense  account, 
as  they  are  strictly  a  payroll  item. 

DISCHARGE  TICKETS 

Discharge  tickets,  Form-A-51-B,  are  provided  to  take 
care  of  payment  for  labor  of  employees  who  wish  their 
pay  before  the  regular  payroll  checks  are  sent  out.  In  the 
State  of  Idaho  it  is  especially  important  after  temporary 
labor  has  been  completed  to  inquire  whether  or  not  pay- 
ment is  desired  immediately,  as  under  the  Idaho  Statutes 
a  man  may  collect  wages  for  all  time  spent  in  waiting  for 
his  wages.  Where  an  employee  wants  his  money  im- 
mediately, issue  a  discharge  ticket,  which,  of  course,  is 
payable  only  at  one  of  our  Company  offices.  Before  a 
discharge  ticket  is  made  out  the  time  should  be  checked 
with  the  time-keeper  in  the  Power  Department  office  to 
make  sure  that  time  sent  in  agrees  with  your  record.  The 
check  proper,  or  the  larger  portion  of  form,  should  be 
signed  on  its  face  by  employee  to  whom  issued  and  by  him 
presented  at  the  District  Office  on  which  drawn.  The 

45 


next,  or  central  portion  of  the  check,  should  be  detached 
and  pinned  to  the  daily  time  report  on  which  his  last 
day's  time  is  shown  and  forwarded  to  Power  Department 
office  immediately.  A  notation  should  also  be  made  on 
the  employee's  last  daily  time  report  that  discharge  ticket, 
giving  the  number,  has  been  issued  to  a  certain  party. 

No  discharge  ticket  should  be  issued  after  all  the 
time  for  the  first  half  or  last  half  of  the  month  has  been 
mailed  in  without  first  calling  Power  Department  office 
to  ascertain  whether  payroll  check  has  been  drawn,  and 
no  discharge  ticket  should  be  issued  covering  time  in  dif- 
ferent months.  For  instance,  if  a  man  has  worked  from 
May  30  to  June  1st  inclusive  and  then  quit,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  make  two  discharge  tickets;  one  for  two  days 
in  May  and  another  for  one  day  in  June. 

Care  should  be  exercised  to  make  proper  deductions 
for  board,  etc.,  showing  same  in  space  provided  and 
amounts  must  agree  with  total  amount  as  shown  on  daily 
time  report. 

When  discharge  tickets  are  drawn  for  employees  and 
paid,  consideration  should  also  be  given  to  any  possible 
account  that  may  be  owing  by  the  employee  at  some  Dis- 
trict Office  to  the  end  that  the  same  may  be  settled  before 
payment  is  made. 

It  is  important,  of  course,  that  the  discharge  stubs  be 
mailed  promptly  to  the  Power  Department  office. 

MATERIAL  REQUISITIONS 

Material  Requisitions  should  be  made  out  in  triplicate 
using  Form  No.  26  which  is  a  specia.1  form  made  up  for 
Power  Department  use.  The  original  and  duplicate  copies 
(white  and  yellow  sheets)  should  be  forwarded  to  the 

46 


Power   Department   office   and   the   triplicate   or   salmon 
colored  sheet  should  be  retained  for  your  file. 

SHIPPING  DIRECTIONS 

Requisitions  should  request  shipment  to  Utah  Power 
&  Light  Company,  care  of  some  certain  individual  or  plant 
so  as  to  avoid  possibility  of  material  being  picked  up  at 
destination  by  some  other  Department  whose  address  is  the 
same  as  yours.  Frequently,  requisitions  are  received  mere- 
ly showing  the  party  to  whom  shipment  is  to  be  made 
without  showing  the  railroad  or  post  office  destination. 
The  Purchasing  Department  does  not  always  know  the 
location  of  the  various  employees  and  full  information 
along  this  line  should  be  given.  Requests  should  also  be 
made  as  to  whether  shipment  is  desired  by  freight,  express 
or  parcel  post. 

PREPARATION  OF  REQUISITIONS 

The  items  should  be  typed  or  written  double  space 
so  as  to  leave  room  to  make  notation  as  to  prices,  terms 
and  firms  from  whom  items  are  purchased.  This  will  also 
make  it  plainer  to  the  stenographer  in  the  Purchasing 
Department  in  writing  up  the  orders  from  the  requisition. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  ARTICLES 

It  is  very  important  that  complete  and  correct  des- 
criptions be  given  and  where  possible  that  correct  catalog 
numbers  be  referred  to.  In  many  instances  old  catalogs 
are  referred  to  and  obsolete  numbers  used.  This  causes 
confusion  and  greatly  delays  placing  of  the  orders.  It 
also  means  more  work  for  the  party  issuing  the  requisition 
in  many  cases,  as  it  necessitates  our  referring  the  matter 

47 


back  to  them,  either  by  telephone  or  letter.  In  practically 
all  cases  new  catalogs  for  the  various  employes  can  be 
secured  upon  request. 

CLASSIFICATION 

As  stated  on  the  requisition,  separate  requisitions 
should  be  issued  covering  the  various  classes  of  materials. 
The  principal  classifications  are,  Electrical,  Hardware, 
Stationery,  Lumber,  Machinery  and  Coal.  The  reason  for 
this  classification  is  that  the  separate  classes  are  handled 
by  different  clerks  in  the  Purchasing  Department,  and  if 
several  classes  are  shown  on  one  requisition,  only  one  class 
can  be  handled  at  a  time,  which  results  in  considerable 
delay.  For  instance,  if  a  requisition  covers  ten  electrical 
items  and  two  hardware  items,  the  purchasing  and  ship- 
ment of  the  hardware  items  is  of  necessity  delayed  until 
the  clerk  handling  the  purchasing  of  electrical  supplies 
has  finished  his  buying  and  the  stenographer  has  written 
up  the  orders.  Had  these  two  classes  been  covered  by 
separate  requisitions,  both  classes  would  have  been  handled 
with  equal  speed  as  the  two  requisitions  would  have  gone  to 
different  clerks. 

The  column,  "Purpose  for  which  Required"  should  be 
filled  out  in  detail  so  that  full  information  will  be  available 
to  judge  the  need  of  each  particular  item.  This  also  assists 
in  distributing  invoice  charge  to  the  correct  account. 

The  "Charge  Account"  column  for  each  item  should 
always  be  filled  out.  In  this  connection,  it  should  be  borne 
in  mind  that  the  purpose  of  having  a  stores  account  is  to 
provide  a  place  where  charges  for  material  may  be  held 
in  suspense  until  such  material  is  needed  for  operation, 
maintenance  or  construction,  and  thus  permit  charges  to 

48 


be  distributed  to  the  operating  account  more  uniformly 
than  would  occur  where  an  invoice  is  charged  direct  to 
some  operating  account  and  the  material  covered  not  used 
until  some  later  date.  In  showing  a  charge  to  an  Expendi- 
ture Requisition,  use  the  Local  number  until  notified  Ex- 
penditure Requisition  has  been  approved,  after  which  the 
General  Office  number  should  be  used.  Items  made 
necessary  due  to  an  injury  should  be  charged  to  "Reserve 
for  Injuries  and  Damages — Operation"  if  the  injury  occurs 
during  operation  or  maintenance.  If  the  injury  occurs 
during  construction  work  charge  to  "Reserve  for  Injuries 
and  Damages — Construction." 

It  frequently  happens  that  it  is  advisable  to  place  an 
order  on  some  local  dealer  for  material.  You  will  note 
by  referring  to  requisition  form  that  a  column  is  provided 
at  the  extreme  right  hand  side  for  prices  if  local  purchase 
is  advisable.  In  addition  to  giving  the  price  of  an  article 
which  probably  could  better  be  obtained  locally  than  to  be 
shipped  from  Salt  Lake  City  or  some  other  outside  point, 
the  name  and  Post  Office  address  of  the  dealer  quoting 
prices  should  also  be  inserted  so  that  the  Purchasing  De- 
partment will  be  able  to  place  the  order  should  they  so 
desire,  without  the  necessity  of  calling  up  the  man  in  the 
field  to  obtain  the  dealer's  name. 

In  case  material  is  needed  urgently  for  some  emergency, 
requiring  placing  of  order  prior  to  receipt  of  material 
requisition  by  the  usual  routine  method,  the  items  wanted, 
requisition  number,  etc.,  should  be  telephoned  to  the  Power 
Department  office  for  transmittal  to  the  Purchasing  De- 
partment. Material  requisition  should  then  be  forwarded 
to  the  Power  Department  office  in  the  usual  manner,  care 
being  used  to  make  notation  that  it  is  in  confirmation  of 

49 


telephone  request.  Likewise,  if  permission  has  been  receiv- 
ed to  obtain  the  material  locally,  requisition  mitst  bear 
notation  to  the  effect  that  it  is  a  confirmation  of  verbal 
or  telephone  order  given  to  some  certain  party  at  some 
certain  address,  as  otherwise  the  order  will  be  marked  as 
an  original  order  and  duplication  may  result. 

Items  such  as  livery  hire  and  board  and  lodging  do  not 
require  a  Material  Requisition  or  order.  Invoice  covering 
such  items  should  be  approved  by  the  Superintendent  and 
correct  account  number  to  charge  noted,  and  then  forward- 
ed promptly  to  the  Power  Department  office.  Invoices  for 
board  and  lodging  must  show  the  employes'  names,  number 
of  meals  had  by  each  individual  each  particular  day,  as 
well  as  dates  on  which  lodging  was  furnished.  Unless  this 
information  is  shown  on  the  invoice,  one  of  the  regular 
Board  and  Lodging  forms  (No.  244)  should  be  made  out 
and  attached  to  the  invoice  as  rendered. 

LOCAL  PURCHASE  ORDERS 

Revised  Form  No.  83,  has  been  made  up  to  cover 
emergency  purchases  from  local  dealers.  In  the  use  of 
these  forms  it  is  intended  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  making 
up  confirming  requisitions  on  local  purchases  as  these 
forms  will  be  used  and  sent  through  in  place  of  the  Pur- 
chasing Department  Order  and  are  to  be  handled  in  the 
following  manner: 

Form  to  be  made  out  in  quadruplicate.  All  copies  are 
to  be  signed  on  the  line  provided  at  the  bottom  of  the  page, 
inserting  proper  title.  Original  or  blue  colored  sheet  is  for 
local  dealer,  duplicate  and  triplicate  or  white  and  salmon 
colored  copies  are  to  be  forwarded  to  the  Superintendent 

50 


of  Power,  and  the  fourth  copy  is  to  be  retained  by  the 
party  making  out  the  order. 

The  new  supply  of  Local  Purchase  Orders  is  number- 
ed. Each  copy,  of  course,  must  bear  the  same  number  as 
the  original  order.  This  system  of  order  numbers  will  be 
similar  to  the  one  now  used  in  the  Purchasing  Department 
and  should  do  away  with  the  difficulty  with  duplicate 
orders. 

In  the  event  that  an  order  is  cancelled,  destroyed,  or 
for  some  reason  not  used,  it  will  be  necessary  to  assign 
the  number  of  the  cancelled  order  to  one  of  the  blank 
orders  supplied  with  the  other  stock  and  thereby  eliminate 
the  possibility  of  having  any  missing  numbers  in  the  files 
of  the  Salt  Lake  Office. 

These  Local  Purchase  Forms  are  to  cover  local  emerg- 
ency purchases  not  exceeding  $5.00  each  in  value.  However, 
it  is  frequently  necessary  to  purchase  the  following  items 
locally,  and,  as  their  cost  is  usually  in  excess  of  $5.00,  this 
limit  does  not  apply: 

Coal  Hay 

Lumber  Grain 

In  case  of  emergency  purchases  covering  material 
costing  in  excess  of  $5.00  it  will  be  necessary  to  obtain 
authority  from  the  Power  Department  office  by  telephone 
before  making  such  purchases. 

The  invoice  covering  materials  purchased  locally  should 
be  obtained  at  the  same  time  material  is  received.  After 
being  checked  for  correctness  by  party  issuing  order, 
invoice  should  be  approved  and  mailed  at  once  to  the 
Superintendent  of  Power  along  with  the  copies  of  order 
on  which  it  applies.  Invoices  must  be  rendered  in  tripli- 
cate. If  for  any  reason  invoices  are  not  obtained  at  the 

51 


time  the  purchase  is  made  on  local  purchase  order,  the 
matter  of  obtaining  such  invoices  should  be  followed  up 
by  the  person  issuing  the  order,  so  that  an  excessive  in- 
terval of  time  does  not  elapse  before  the  invoice  is  render- 
ed. It  sometimes  happens  that  a  dealer  gains  the  impression 
that  receipt  of  local  purchase  order  is  all  that  is  necessary 
and  that  in  due  course  of  time  he  will  receive  his  money. 
Impress  upon  Local  dealers  that  such  orders  will  not  be 
paid  until  invoices  have  been  received,  bearing  the  order 
number. 

COPIES  OF  ORDERS  AND  RECEIVING  SLIPS 

When  yellow  copy  of  order  "P  Form  504"  is  received, 
file  it  on  a  clip  file,  a  special  file  being  used  for  this 
purpose.  Do  not  mix  with  requisitions. 

In  all  cases  when  material  is  received,  fill  out  form 
60  "Record  of  Material  Received."  If  all  material  covered 
by  yellow  order  sheet  (No.  504)  is  received  at  one  time 
fill  out  all  of  the  approval  stamp  information  on  this  sheet 
(504)  and  forward  at  once  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power. 
Also  fill  out  form  60  as  follows:  Tear  out  white  sheet 
and  discard  it  entirely.  Make  original  entry  with  either 
pen  or  pencil  directly  on  the  yellow  copy  sheet  (Form  60), 
leaving  it  in  the  book.  The  fact  that  the  entry  is  in  pencil 
or  ink  directly  on  the  yellow  sheet  will  indicate  that  the 
white  sheet  is  not  made  out,  but  that  the  order  copy  (Form 
504)  was  sent  in  when  the  material  was  received,  and  that 
the  shipment  completely  filled  the  order. 

In  case  yellow  order  copy  (504)  is  not  received  before 
material  covered  by  it  arrives,  form  60  should  be  maa* 
out  (both  white  and  yellow  copy)  using  carbon  for  copy, 
and  requisition  number  should  be  shown  instead  of  order 

52 


number.  However,  when  yellow  copy  of  form  504  is  re- 
ceived, the  order  should  be  noted  on  receiving  slip,  which 
was  previously  made  out.  This  notation  is  to  be  made 
on  the  yellow  copy  (form  60)  as  the  white  sheet  should 
have  been  sent  to  the  office  at  once. 

If  only  part  of  supplies  covered  by  yellow  order  copy 
are  received  at  one  time,  make  out  form  60  on  white  sheet, 
taking  carbon  copy  on  yellow  sheet.  Forward  white  sheet 
at  once  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power.  These  slips  should 

be  marked  "Partially  fills  Order  No ,  or  above 

order"  at  the  same  time  making  entry  on  the  yellow  order 
sheet  (No.  504)  showing  what  material  was  received,  giv- 
ing date,  etc.  No  matter  how  many  shipments  covered 
by  the  one  order  are  received,  a  form  60  should  be  sent 
in  as  above  each  time  and  form  504  should  carry  notation 
of  such  receipts.  When  the  final  shipment  covered  by 
the  order  is  received,  form  60  should  be  made  out  as  usual, 
sending  in  white  sheets  and  retaining  yellow  copy  sheet, 
and  these  should  carry  the  notation  "Completes  above 

order,  or  Order  No ".  At  the  same  time  the  yellow 

order  copy  (504)  should  be  filled  in  and  sent  to  Superin- 
tendent of  Power,  preferably  with  form  60  attached. 

When  a  pad  of  form  60  is  used  up,  mark  plainly  on 
cover  the  date  of  the  first  and  the  last  entry  in  that  pad, 
giving  year  as  well  as  month,  and  file  the  same  for  future 
reference. 

EXPENSE  ACCOUNT 

Whenever  it  becomes  necessary  for  an  employe  to 
incur  any  extra  expense  in  the  performance  of  his  work, 
he  is  entitled  to  place  such  items  on  an  expense  account. 

53 


Representative  items  would  be  board  or  lodging  when  away 
from  home,  car  fare,  and  telephone  calls.  Items  for  labor 
must  not  be  included  on  expense  accounts.  Inclusion  on 
expense  account  of  items  for  material  should  be  avoided 
as  much  as  possible,  the  Local  Purchase  order  and  Material 
Requisition  forms  being  provided  for  this  purpose.  To 
include  such  items  on  an  expense  account  might  lead  to 
duplicate  payment. 

An  Expense  Account  Voucher  (Form  A-80)  should 
be  filled  out  for  each  expenditure,  obtaining  the  signature 
of  the  party  who  received  the  money. 

At  the  end  of  each  month  fill  out  an  Expense  Bill 
(Form  A-91),  by  listing  the  various  expenditures,  and 
attach  the  vouchers  to  it,  arranged  in  the  order  in  which 
they  appear  on  the  Expense  Bill.  Approval  across  the 
face  of  the  Expense  Bill  by  the  Plant  Superintendent  should 
be  obtained  before  the  Expense  Bill  is  forwarded  to  the 
Superintendent  of  Power. 

In  filling  out  an  Expense  Bill  write  the  name  and 
post  office  address  at  the  top  and  sign  the  form  again  at 
the  bottom  on  the  line  marked  "Claimant."  Show  the 
account  to  which  each  item  should  be  charged.  A  list  of 
the  accounts  is  included  in  this  book.  In  the  column 
marked  "Item",  give  the  nature  of  the  expenditure;  for 

example :     "Railroad  Fare  from to "  ; 

"Supper    at ";    or,    "Freight    (or    express)    on 

"     In  the  column  headed   "Explanation   of 

Expenditure"  give  fully  the  reason  for  the  expenditure; 
for  example:  "Patrolling  the  Pioneer-Farmington-West 
44-KV  Line";  or  "Transfer  from  Terminal  to  Grace."  If 
the  item  covers  freight  or  express,  state  in  this  column 
what  the  material  is  to  be  used  for  and  on  the  voucher 

54 


must  be  stamped  information  relative  to  Order  No.  and 
the  f.o.b.  shipping  point. 

The  information  contained  on  the  vouchers  which 
accompany  the  expense  bill,  should,  of  course,  be  complete 
and  more  in  detail  than  that  which  appears  on  the  expense 
bill,  so  that  there  will  be  no  difficulty  encountered  in  the 
office  in  checking  the  bill  to  see  that  the  accounts  are 
correct. 

AUTOMOBILE  REPORTS 

Whenever  any  employe  uses  an  automobile  owned  by 
himself  for  company  business,  he  should,  after  each  such 
trip,  fill  out  and  mail  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power  the 
original  copy  of  the  Drivers'  Daily  Report,  0-Form  9, 
retaining  the  duplicate  copy. 

At  the  end  of  each  month  he  should  fill  out  an  Auto- 
mobile Trip  Report,  Form  187,  listing  on  this  sheet  the 
various  trips  made  throughout  the  month,  as  shown  by  his 
copies  of  the  Drivers'  Daily  Report.  He  should  sign  the 
Automobile  Trip  Report  on  the  line  at  the  bottom  marked 
"Claimant,"  and  after  obtaining  the  approval  of  the  Plant 
Superintendent  across  the  face  of  the  report,  forward  it  to 
the  Superintendent  of  Power. 

The  allowance  for  employes'  cars  used  on  company 
business  is  as  follows: 

For  cars  costing  $1000.00  or  less,  lOc  per  mile. 

For  cars  costing  $1000.00  to  $1500.00,  12c  per  mile. 

For  cars  costing  more  than  $1500.00,  15c  per  mile. 

For  company  owned  cars,  the  Drivers'  Daily  Report 
should  be  made  out  after  each  trip  and  held  by  the  Plant 
Superintendent,  who  will  at  the  end  of  each  month  then 
carefully  make  out  in  duplicate  the  Monthly  Automobile 

55 


Report,  Form  206,  mailing  the  original  promptly  to  the 
Superintendent  of  Power,  and  retaining  the  duplicate  for 
his  file.  This  report  should  show  a  complete  record  of 
each  trip  made  by  the  automobile  or  truck,  giving  all  the 
information  as  called  for  by  the  headings. 

TOLL  CALL  RECORDS 

Immediately  following  the  20th  day  of  each  month 
a  record  of  all  toll  calls  made  since  the  20th  day  of  the 
preceding  month  should  be  forwarded  to  the  Superintendent 
of  Power.  As  each  toll  call  is  made  it  should  be  noted  on 
the  record,  P  Form  521,  being  especially  careful  to  mark 
whether  the  call  was  for  company  business  or  personal 
and  to  what  account  or  person  the  charge  for  same  should 
be  made. 

The  Plant  Superintendent  will  be  held  responsible  for 
the  collection  of  all  toll  calls  made  by  non-employes  and 
those  made  by  employes  when  it  will  be  impossible  to 
collect  for  the  same  through  the  regular  channels. 

EXPENDITURE  REQUISITIONS 

At  the  present  time,  there  are  four  classes  of  Expendi- 
ture Requisitions  in  use  by  the  Power  Department,  as 
follows:  "Blanket  Expenditure  Requisition"  providing  for 
small  addition  to  property  charges,  costing  not  to  exceed 
$50.00  each;  "Specific  Expenditure  Requisition"  providing 
for  additions  to,  betterments  to,  removals  or  changes  in 
location  of  property  which  will  cost  more  than  $50.00  each ; 
"Maintenance  Expenditure  Requisition"  providing  for  re- 
pairs to  equipment  or  property,  which  will  cost  $100.00  or 
more;  "Contract  Expenditure  Requisition"  providing  for 

56 


work  performed  for,  and  at  the  expense  of  a  customer, 
prospective  customer,  or  other  party. 

No  work  coming  under  the  headings  listed  above,  ex- 
cept in  case  of  emergency,  should  be  started,  or  material 
ordered  for  same,  until  authority  has  been  obtained  to  go 
ahead  with  the  work.  Therefore,  in  order  to  expedite 
obtaining  such  approval,  it  will  be  necessary  that  you 
accompany  any  recommendation  that  certain  work  be  done, 
with  a  detailed  estimate  of  what  the  job  will  cost,  so  as 
to  enable  the  Power  Department  office  to  prepare  an  Ex- 
penditure Requisition. 

It  is  important  that  an  accurate  record  be  kept  by  the 
Superintendent  of  the  cost  of  any  job  done  at  the  plant  or 
plants  under  his  direction,  whether  it  is  maintenance, 
reconstruction  or  new  construction  work,  so  he  will  be  able 
to  explain  any  decided  variation  between  actual  cost  and 
the  estimated  cost  of  such  work. 

At  the  end  of  each  month  the  Power  Department 
office  sends  a  report  to  the  General  Superintendent  giving 
in  tabular  form,  the  following  information  on  each  Ex- 
penditure Requisition  authorized,  until  it  has  been  reported 
completed;  Estimated  Cost,  Estimate  of  Amount  Required 
to  Complete,  Amount  of  Salvage  Estimated,  Amount  of 
Salvage  Reported,  and  Estimated  Date  of  Completion.  A 
portion  of  this  information  can  be  supplied  only  by  the 
man  on  the  job  and  he  should  be  prepared  to  give  such 
information,  which  will  usually  be  asked  for  over  the 
telephone,  without  delay. 

Each  charge  in  connection  with  the  work  authorized 
by  an  Expenditure  Requisition  shall  be  made  to  its  "Generat 
Number"  and  to  the  group  and  item  proper  for  the  parti- 
cular charge. 

57 


WORK  REPORTS 

A  Work  Report  form,  is  to  be  filled  out  and  forwarded 
to  the  Superintendent  of  Power,  immediately  after  any 
Maintenance  job,  the  total  cost  of  which  amounts  to 
$100.00  or  more,  has  been  completed.  These  forms  are 
intended  to  show  in  detail  the  actual  cost  of  such  work. 
An  additional  supply  of  blanks  may  be  obtained  from  the 
Power  Department  office  as  needed. 

STORES  ACCOUNTING 

To  begin  with,  any  material  issued  from  stores  to 
some  other  Department  or  company  must  be  covered  by 
regular  Purchasing  Department  order  or  letter  duly  ap- 
proved by  Superintendent  of  Power. 

FORM  97-A  "STORES  RECORD  CARD" 

This  form  should  carry  a  complete  record  of  all  receipts 
arid  issues  that  in  any  way  affect  your  stores,  and  should 
reflect  at  all  times  the  actual  physical  condition  of  the 
stores.  All  invoices  covering  purchases  charged  to  stores, 
should  be  given  a  local  district  number  for  filing  reference, 
and  this  local  number  should  be  entered  in  the  first 
column  headed  "Invoice  Local  Number."  You  should  be 
careful  not  to  pass  any  invoice  or  memorandum  of  transfer 
charged  to  stores,  of  which  you  do  not  retain  a  duplicate 
fbr  your  reference.  All  invoices  or  M.T.'s  charged  to 
stores  should  be  filed  in  numerical  order  for  convenient 
reference.  In  arriving  at  the  average  unit  cost,  considera- 
tion should  be  given  to  quantities  that  might  remain  on 
hand  from  previous  purchase,  and  the  average  cost  of  the 
total  determined,  which  average  cost  should  govern  future 
issues. 

58 


In  order  to  facilitate  the  work  in  the  Salt  Lake  Office, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  close  your  monthly  record  of  issues 
on  or  about  the  20th  of  the  month.  Your  stores  card  on 
the  issue  of  each  article  should  be  totalled  and  the  net 
total  of  issues  carried  to  form  106,  hereafter  referred  to. 

FORM  106 — "MONTHLY  RECORD  OF  SUPPLIES  FROM  STORES" 

When  all  issues  of  supplies  up  to  the  close  of  the  20th 
have  been  posted  to  Form  97-A  and  the  footings  carried 
down,  the  total  issues  of  each  article  should  be  carried  to 
Form  106,  showing  the  quantity,  catalog  number  or  size, 
and  the  name  of  the  article.  The  total  cost  value  should  be 
entered  in  the  column,  "Credit  Stores."  The  distribution  of 
the  charge  should  be  made  against  the  proper  operating 
account  number,  Expenditure  Requisition  number,  Com- 
pany or  individual,  whichever  the  case  may  be,  particular 
care  being  used  to  insert  the  amount  of  the  charge  in  the 
proper  column  according  to  the  headings  provided.  If  any 
portion  of  the  article  is  charged  to  an  Expenditure  Requisi- 
tion, the  number,  group  and  item  number  should  be  shown, 
as  well  as  the  amount.  The  "Sundries"  column  is  intended 
to  take  care  of  the  distribution  against  General  Ledger 
accounts,  or  against  stores  other  than  within  your  jurisdic- 
tion, where  shipped  out  on  a  memorandum  of  transfer. 

Form  106  should  be  made  out  in  carbon  and  you 
should  retain  the  carbon  copy  for  reference.  Each  sheet 
should  be  balanced  and  the  footings  carried  forward  to  in- 
sure the  total  credit  to  stores  is  in  agreement  with  the 
total  of  the  distribution.  The  original  copy  should  be  for- 
warded to  the  Power  Department  Office  promptly  when 
closed  for  the  month.  This  form  must  be  signed  or  approv- 
ed by  the  Plant  Superintendent. 

59 


FORM  107-B  "REQUISITION  ON  STOREKEEPER" 

This  form  should  be  used  to  cover  all  stores  material 
issued  for  use  at  the  same  location  as  the  Stores  and 
should  be  filled  out  in  detail  showing  complete  description 
of  article,  purpose  for  which  required,  account  number  to 
charge,  by  whom  obtained,  etc.  After  being  priced  and 
entered  to  stores  cards,  the  requisition  should  be  filed  with 
other  requisitions  on  Storekeeper  or  memos  of  transfer 
awaiting  next  Stores  Summary  (Form  106)  at  which  time 
the  Requisitions  on  Storekeeper  should  be  attached  to  the 
copy  of  Form  106  which  is  retained  by  the  Plant  Superin- 
tendent for  his  file. 

FORM  63-A  "MEMORANDUM  OF  TRANSFER" 

Where  material  is  transferred  from  one  storehouse 
to  another  or  shipped  to  an  outside  point,  it  is  necessary  to 
make  up  in  triplicate  a  Memorandum  of  Transfer,  Form 
63-A.  The  original  and  one  duplicate  will  be  forwarded 
direct  to  consignee  for  approval  and  distribution  of  charges, 
and  the  triplicate  retained  on  a  separate  file  for  reference. 
When  the  original  is  returned  from  the  consignee,  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  charge  can  be  inserted  on  the  order  or 
letter  requesting  the  shipment  in  question  and  transfer 
made  in  the  routine  manner  to  stores  card,  Form  97-A. 
The  original  memorandum  of  transfer  will  then  be  attached 
to  the  Salt  Lake  office  copy  of  Form  106  when  it  is  return- 
ed at  the  close  of  the  month,  and  will  be  supporting 
evidence  of  the  charge  against  the  outside  stores  or 
otherwise. 

The  posting  of  issues  from  stores  cards  is  essentially 
a  daily  routine  and  it  will  be  obvious  that  frequent  checking 
of  your  cards  with  your  stock  will  be  of  value  to  determine 

60 


whether  the  records  of  issues  and  purchases  are  being 
properly  made.  If  you  find  that  your  stores  card  does  not 
represent  the  actual  material  on  hand,  it  is  evident  that 
an  accurate  or  complete  record  of  issues  from  stock,  or 
the  posting  of  purchase  invoices  to  the  cards  is  not  being 
made. 

It  is  desired  to  emphasize  one  feature  particularly, 
and  that  is  that  the  responsibility  for  the  accounting  is 
entirely  with  the  Superintendent.  The  Accounting  De- 
partment does  not  enter  into  the  calculations  or  the  making 
of  records  in  any  way.  You  have  at  the  present  time,  a 
certain  valuation  in  your  stores,  and  you  are  to  report,  as 
noted  above  on  Form  106,  the  issues  from  your  stores 
monthly,  and  the  Accounting  Department  accepts  the  ap- 
proved statement  of  the  disposition  of  supplies.  Any 
shrinkage  in  material  after  proper  investigation  by  the 
Stores  Auditor,  will  necessarily  be  disposed  of  as  a  charge 
against  Inventory  shrinkage. 

After  each  inventory  is  taken,  you  should  transfer  it 
to  your  stores  cards,  Form  97-A,  and  in  the  column  headed 
"Invoice  Local  Number,"  you  should  note  "Inventory 
(date)". 

INVENTORIES 

It  is  the  practice  at  present  to  have  made  up  January 
1st  each  year  an  inventory  of  all  material,  tools  and  sup- 
plies on  hand  at  that  time,  including  also,  of  course,  items 
charged  to  stores  account,  and  on  April  20th  and  October 
90th  each  year  to  have  made  up  an  actual  count  inventory 
— vering  only  stores  material.  By  "stores  material"  is 
meant  only  such  items  as  are  actually  charged  to  stores 
and  not  material  of  which  there  might  be  a  stock 

61 


for  future  use  but  which  for  some  reason  was  charged 
direct  to  maintenance. 

All  inventories  should  give  complete  descriptions  of 
the  various  items. 

A-Form  92  should  be  used  for  all  inventories,  for- 
warding original  and  one  copy  to  Superintendent  of 
Power. 

Blank  spaces  at  bottom  of  inventory  sheets  must  be 
filled  out  and  inventories  approved  by  superintendent  or 
person  in  charge  before  being  forwarded  to  office. 

It  will  be  of  considerable  assistance  to  the  office  if 
January  1st  inventory  items  are  classified  under  suitable 
headings,  such  as  "material  in  stores,  electrical  renewals, 
paints  and  oils,  insulators  and  wire,  etc.,"  as  this  greatly 
facilitates  location  of  items  which  could  be  used  at  some 
other  point  and  thus  avoid  unnecessary  purchases  of  new 
material  or  tools. 

Prices,  of  course,  will  not  be  shown  on  January  1st 
inventories,  except  for  items  charged  to  stores  account. 

It  will  sometimes  happen  that  a  Memo  of  Transfer 
covering  stores  material  issued  prior  to  inventory  date, 
is  not  returned  in  time  to  be  included  on  Stores  Summary 
covering  issues  immediately  preceding  inventory.  In  cases 
of  this  kind,  such  items  must  be  accounted  for  on  the 
stores  inventory  under  heading  "Out  on  M.  T." 

EMPLOYMENT  AGREEMENT 

It  is  our  policy  when  employing  new  men  on  a  month- 
ly salary,  to  place  such  men  on  probation  for  a  sufficient 
length  of  time  to  determine  whether  or  not  they  would 
be  suitable  as  permanent  employes,  and  whether  they, 

62 


themselves,  would  care  to  continue  with  the  Company. 
After  such  probationary  period  has  proven  mutually  satis- 
factory, they  are  placed  on  the  payroll  as  permanent 
employes  and  sign  the  usual  employment  agreement. 

Whenever  there  are  any  men  at  a  plant  under  this 
arrangement,  the  Plant  Superintendent  will  advise  the 
Superintendent  of  Power  in  writing  at  the  end  of  a 
reasonable  probationary  period,  say  30  days  or  more  as 
seems  necessary,  whether  or  not  such  probationary  em- 
ploye is  entirely  satisfactory  and  whether  he  would 
recommend  that  the  company  enter  into  the  usual  employ- 
ment agreement  with  the  employe.  If  his  recommendation 
is  approved,  the  usual  employment  agreement  will  be 
forwarded  for  signature  and  returned  to  the  Power  De- 
partment office. 

LEAVE  OF  ABSENCE  PERMITS 
The  purposes  and  conditions  under  which  a  Leave 
of  Absence  Permit  may  be  used  are  covered  by  Standard 
Wage  Schedule  Working  Rules.  If  such  a  permit  is  de- 
sired for  an  employe,  the  Plant  Superintendent  should  fill 
out  0-Form  3485  in  detail,  giving  full  information,  especial- 
ly regarding  the  reason  for  absence,  sign  the  same  and 
forward  in  duplicate  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power. 
Unless  the  forms  are  returned  to  the  Plant  Superintendent 
it  will  be  assumed  that  the  permit  has  been  granted. 

EMPLOYES'  COMMUNICATION  FORM 
The  Employes'  Communication  Form,  Form  261,  is  pro- 
vided so  that  any  suggestions  for  improvements  in  service, 
equipment,  working  conditions,  etc.,  or  the  registration  of 
complaints  as  to  items  affecting  the  employe,  may  be  made 
in  such  a  way  as  to  permit  the  ready  reference  thereto  not 


only  by  the  employes'  immediate  superior,  but  also  by  the 
Department  Head.  These  forms  are  to  be  signed  by  the 
employe  and  given  to  the  Plant  Superintendent  who  will  act 
on  the  same  whenever  possible.  He  will  in  any  event  for- 
ward the  same  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power,  together 
with  a  statement  of  the  action  taken  or  recommended. 
Progressive  employes  should  have  numerous  suggestions 
to  make,  and  should  therefore  make  frequent  use  of  these 
forms. 

REPORT  OF  INJURY 

Every  injury  to  an  employe,  no  matter  how  slight, 
should  be  reported  to  the  Superintendent  and  by  him  to  the 
proper  authorities  as  outlined  below,  as  soon  after  such 
injury  as  possible.  The  Company  is  required  by  law  to 
make  these  reports.  Even  the  slightest  cuts  and  bruises 
should  not  be  neglected,  as  "blood  poisoning,"  one  of  the 
most  serious  disorders,  is  often  easily  contracted  from 
such  sources. 

In  Utah,  copies  of  Form  No.  4074,  No.  4075,  and  No. 
4077  are  obtained  from  the  Legal  Department  and  should 
be  ordered  on  Material  Requisition  form.  Form  No.  4074 
is  to  be  filled  out  immediately  after  the  injury.  Form  No. 
4075  is  a  supplemental  or  final  report  and  should  be  made 
out  and  forwarded  to  the  Claim  Agent  within  four  days 
after  the  injury  to  an  employe,  and  further  supplemental 
reports  should  be  made  from  time  to  time  during  the 
continuance  of  disability.  The  second  of  these  reports 
should  be  made  on  the  eleventh  day  after  the  occurrence  of 
the  injury.  Final  report  should  be  made  when  the  employe 
has  returned  for  full  work.  Form  No.  4077  is  a  report  of 
full  recovery.  The  original  in  each  case  is  to  be  sent  to  the 

64 


Claim  Agent,  Utah  Power  &  Light  Company,  Salt  Lake 
City,  Utah,  and  one  copy  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power. 

In  Idaho,  copies  of  SIM-Form  No.  30  and  SIM-Form 
No.  50  are  obtained  from  the  State  Insurance  Manager  at 
Boise,  Idaho.  SIM-Form  No.  30  is  to  be  filled  out  im- 
mediately after  the  injury,  and  SIM-Form  No.  50  when 
the  employe  has  returned  to  work.  Two  copies  of  each 
of  these  Forms  are  to  be  sent  to  the  State  Insurance 
Manager,  Boise,  Idaho ;  one  copy  to  the  Claim  Agent,  Utah 
Power  &  Light  Company,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  and  one 
copy  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power. 

In  all  cases,  notation  should  be  made  on  the  copy  to 
the  Power  Department  as  to  whom  other  copies  have 
been  sent. 

OPERATING  EXPENSE  ACCOUNTS 
HYDROELECTRIC  POWER  PRODUCTION 
OPERATION 

ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

2    WAGES — DAMS  AND  WATER  CONDUITS. 

Salaries  of  gate  tenders,  ditch  tenders,  flume 
patrolmen,  dam  and  rock  attendants,  and  all  those 
who  have  to  do  with  the  operation  of  plant  from 
point  where  water  is  diverted  to  power  house,  in- 
cluding a  proportionate  part  of  the  salary  of 
superintendent. 

4    WAGES — POWER  PLANT. 

Salaries  of  switchboard  men,  operators,  oilers, 
and  all  expenditures  for  labor  in  the  power  house, 
except  labor  employed  in  making  repairs  or  re- 
newals, including  a  proportionate  part  of  the  salary 
of  superintendent. 

65 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

6    LUBRICANTS  AND  WASTE. 

All  expenditures  for  lubrication  of  power  plant, 
including  oil,  grease,  waste,  rags,  etc.,  does  not  in- 
clude oil  for  transformers,  grease  for  wagons  or 
cars,  or  oil  for  lanterns. 

8    CARS,  TRACKS,  BOATS,  ETC. 

All  expenditures  for  operation  of  modes  of 
conveyance  via  rail  or  water  to  and  from  freight 
station,  including  time  of  employe  assigned  to 
duty.  Includes  expenses  in  connection  with  horses 
and  vehicles  used  in  conection  with  operation  of 
power  plant. 

10    MISCELLANEOUS  SUPPLIES  AND  EXPENSES. 

All  expenditures  for  operation  of  power  station 
not  otherwise  provided  for. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Packing,  wipers,  miscellaneous  tools,  bolts,  nuts, 
screws,  nails,  etc.;  janitor's  supplies,  ice  water, 
meals,  etc.;  light  (lanterns,  oil,  wicks,  candles,  in- 
candescent lamps,  arc  light  globes  and  carbons) ,  fuel 
for  heating. 

MAINTENANCE 

12    DAMS  AND  WATER  CONDUITS. 

Labor  and  materials  and  other  expenditures  for 
repairs  to  diverting  dams,  flumes  and  non-pressure 
pipe  lines,  and  other  water  conduits  excepting  pen- 
stock. 

66 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Foundations,  drains,  gates,  piping,  sluice-ways, 
flashboards,  stop-logs,  booms,  bridges,  apron,  canal, 
embankment,  levees,  rip-rapping,  pipe  supports, 
anchorages,  bents,  expansion  joints,  flumes,  trestles, 
railroad  track  in  connection  therewith,  sand  boxes, 
spillways,  air  and  relief  valves,  etc. 

14    RESERVOIRS,  FOREBAYS,  AND  TAILRACES. 

All  expenditures  for  repairs  in  connection  there- 
with. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Repairs  to  storage  dams,  forebays,  pressure 
boxes,  surge  tanks  and  valves;  gates,  racks,  screens, 
booms,  etc.  in  connection  therewith. 

16    PENSTOCK  AND  VALVES. 

All  expenditures  for  repairs  in  connection  there- 
with. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Repairs  to  valves  controlling  water  entering 
penstock,  calking  joints,  replacing  rivets  and  other 
repairs  to  pipes,  anchorages,  maintenance  of  drains, 
headers,  stand-pipes,  air  chambers,  relief  valves, 
brick  plates,  etc. 

18    WHEELS,  GATES  AND  GOVERNORS. 

Labor  and  materials  expended  for  repairs 
thereto. 

67 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Wheel  parts,  links,  gates,  runners,  distributor 
plates,  cranks,  bearings,  etc.;  nozzles,  nozzle  tips, 
baffle  plates,  buckets,  babbitting  and  regrinding 
valves  and  gates,  valve  stems,  governor  parts, 
cylinder  linings,  belts,  chains,  gear  wheels,  new 
pressure  oil,  etc. 

20    ELECTRIC  GENERATING  PLANT. 

Labor  and  material  expended  for  repairs 
thereto. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Repairs  and  new  parts  for  generators,  exciters, 
switchboards  and  switching  apparatus,  instruments, 
station  cables,  lightning  arresters,  busses,  etc.,  in- 
cluding step-up  transformers,  output  meters,  etc. 

22    BUILDINGS  AND  FIXTURES. 

Labor  and  material  expended  for  repairs  there- 
to, including  lighting  system  of  power  station,  barns, 
barracks,  cottages,  sheds,  transformer  houses,  etc. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Plumbing,  windows,  sashes,  roofs,  doors  and 
walls,  heating  and  lighting  system;  grounds,  yards, 
roads,  vaults,  pits  and  sidewalks;  elevators  and 
lockers,  fire  protection  system;  painting  and  white 
washing. 

24    CARS,  TRACKS,  BOATS,  ETC. 

All  expenditures  for  maintenance  of  modes  of 
conveyance  via  rail  or  water  to  and  from  freight 

68 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

station,  including  time  of  employes  actually  engag- 
ed therein. 

26    MISCELLANEOUS. 

Labor  and  material  expended  in  making  repairs 
to  miscellaneous  equipment  and  appurtenances  to 
water  power  production  not  chargeable  to  other 
accounts. 

STEAM   PLANT   POWER    PRODUCTION 

OPERATION 
30    BOILER  ROOM  LABOR. 

Labor  in  Boiler  Room  and  elsewhere  in  and 
about  the  premises  having  to  do  with  making  steam. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Fire  room  engineer  and  assistants;  water  ten- 
ders; firemen,  coal  handlers;  ash  handlers;  boiler 
cleaners;  feed  pumpmen. 

32    GENERATOR  ROOM  LABOR. 

Labor  on  prime  movers  and  all  labor  in  con- 
nection with  electrical  apparatus  and  devices. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Chief  Engineer  and  assistants;  engineers; 
oilers;  wipers  and  machinists;  system  operators  or 
load  dispatchers ;  foreman  regulators,  regulators  and 
assistants;  switchboard  men;  brushman,  wipers, 
wiremen. 

34     FUEL. 

Fuel,  whether  coal,  oil  or  gas,  used  under  the 
boilers  at  the  cost  delivered  in  the  bunkers  or 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

tanks  and  also  the  cost  of  removal  of  ashes.  No 
portion  of  cost  of  boiler  room  labor  should  be  charg- 
ed to  this  account. 

36    WATER. 

Cost  of  feed  water  and  boiler  compound.  Water 
used  for  general  station  purposes  should  not  be 
included. 

38    LUBRICANTS  AND  WASTE. 

Cost  of  lubricants  for  moving  machinery  in  the 
generating  plant,  but  does  not  include  oil  for  trans- 
formers, grease  for  wagons  or  oil  for  lanterns. 
Waste  or  wiping  cloths  used  in  and  around  steam 
plant. 

40    MISCELLANEOUS  SUPPLIES  AND  EXPENSES. 

All  supplies,  tools,  etc.,  used  in  the  generating 
plant  which  are  consumed  in  the  operating  process, 
also  the  general  and  miscellaneous  expenditures  in 
the  plant  not  specifically  chargeable  to  other  ac- 
counts among  which  are  the  following: 

Packing,  wipers,  gauge  glasses,  gauge  washers, 
manhole  gaskets,  handhole  gaskets,  fire  room  tools, 
steam  and  air  hose;  bolts,  screws,  nails,  tools, 
dynamo  brushes,  janitor's  supplies,  ice  water,  meals 
and  car  fare. 

MAINTENANCE 
42    STATION  BUILDING. 

Repairs  to  station  and  permanent  fixtures 
therein. 

70 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Plumbing,  windows,  sashes,  roof,  doors  and 
walls,  heating  and  lighting  system,  grounds  and 
streets,  vaults,  sheds,  pits,  sidewalks,  elevators, 
lockers,  fire  protection  system,  painting. 

44    BOILER  EQUIPMENT. 

Repairs  to  boilers  including  foundations  and 
settings. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Brick  work,  bridge  wall  arches,  jambs,  grate 
bars,  stoker  bars  and  webs,  furnaces,  valves,  super- 
heaters, damper  regulators,  tubes,  stacks  and  guys, 
repairs  to  feed  water  system  and  to  auxiliary  ap- 
paratus in  fire  room;  feed  water  pumps,  blower 
engines  and  fans,  filters,  boiler  compound  injectors 
and  pumps,  heaters,  primary  and  secondary,  econom- 
izers, water  meters,  repairs  to  piping  system  in 
connection  with  the  making  and  delivery  of  steam 
to  the  prime  movers,  feed  water  piping,  cold  main, 
hot  main,  salt  water  suction,  thermometer  cups, 
valves,  joints. 

46    PRIME  MOVERS. 

Repairs  to  prime  movers  whether  turbines  or 
reciprocating  engines. 

48    AUXILIARIES. 

Labor  and  materials  required  in  making  repairs 
to  auxiliaries. 

71 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Condensers,  packing  tubes,  renewing  tubes, 
heads  and  doors,  etc.,  pumps,  air  and  circulating, 
wet  vacuum,  dry  vacuum,  engines,  motors  and  all 
apparatus  pertaining  to  auxiliaries,  lubricating  oil 
systems. 

50    ELECTRIC  EQUIPMENT. 

Labor  and  material  required  in  making  repairs 
to  electrical  apparatus  in  generating  plant. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Generators  and  exciters;  motor  generators  and 
rotary  converters  (not  for  Railway  Service)  ;  switch 
boards,  switching  apparatus,  instruments,  station 
cables,  station  terminal  board  (not  including  wiring 
for  lighting  station)  arc  machines,  and  arc  trans- 
formers; exciters. 

52    FUEL  HANDLING  EQUIPMENT. 

Labor  and  material  required  in  making  repairs 
to  coal,  oil  or  gas,  and  ash  handling  equipment. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Coal  conveyor ;  digger,  trolley  and  cable  towers ; 
crushers;  bolt  links,  brackets,  wheels,  chutes  and 
gates,  shovels,  tools,  etc. ;  ash  conveyor,  cars, 
winches,  track  motors,  buckets,  shafts,  chain,  motors 
and  wheels,  shovels,  brooms,  bars,  tools,  etc. 

54    MISCELLANEOUS  STATION  EQUIPMENT. 

Labor  and  materials  required  to  make  repairs  to 
all  equipment  which  has  no  part  in  the  generation 
or  transmission  of  power. 

72 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Machine  shop,  drill  presses,  lathes,  machine 
tools,  belting,  clutches,  shafting,  miscellaneous  tools, 
etc.,  cranes,  hoisting  apparatus,  etc.;  hand  trucks, 
jacks,  tools,  scales,  sewer  connections,  etc. 

TRANSMISSION   AND   TELEPHONE 
LINE  ACCOUNTS 

OPERATION 
60    WAGES,  PATROLMEN. 

Wages  of  patrolmen  on  transmission  lines,  in- 
cluding expenses  and  proportionate  part  of  salaries 
of  superintendents  and  clerks.  Includes  operation 
labor  at  Grace-Salt  Lake  Terminal. 

62    MISCELLANEOUS  SUPPLIES  AND  EXPENSES. 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  making  maps  and 
records  of  transmission  lines,  car  and  railroad  fares, 
traveling  expenses,  stationery,  telephones,  postage, 
care  of  patrolman's  horses,  etc. 

MAINTENANCE 

64    POLES  AND  WIRE  SUPPORTS. 

Labor  and  materials  used  in  making  repairs  to 
pole  and  wooden  towers,  brackets,  pole  switches, 
station  fixtures,  lightning  arresters  and  lightning 
arrester  grounds,  where  such  are  located  on  poles, 
cross  arms,  braces,  guys,  stubs,  operation  and  re- 
pairs to  switchracks,  etc. 

73 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

66    TOWERS. 

Labor  and  material  used  in  making  repairs  to 
steel  towers  and  station  fixtures. 

68    INSULATORS  AND  WIRES. 

Labor  and  material  in  making  repairs  on  same. 
PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Cost  of  new  insulators  to  replace  those  broken, 
insulator  pins,  insulator  hardware,  caps,  links, 
clamps,  transmission  wire  and  ground  wire  replaced, 
splicing  sleeves. 

70    TELEPHONE  SYSTEM. 

Labor  and  material  used  in  making  repairs  to 
telephone  system  forming  part  of  the  transmission 
system. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Renewals  and  repairs  for  instruments,  batteries, 
telephone  transformers,  repeating  coils,  switches, 
insulators,  cross  arms,  connections,  fuses,  lightning 
protection  apparatus,  etc. 

72    PATROL  HOUSES  AND  FIXTURES. 

Repairs  to  patrol  houses  and  fixtures. 
PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Windows,  sashes,  roof,  doors  and  walls,  light- 
ing, lockers,  painting. 

74 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

GRACE-SALT  LAKE  TERMINAL 
SUBSTATION  BUILDING 

74    REPAIRS  TO  BUILDING  AND  FIXTURES. 

76    ELECTRIC  EQUIPMENT-TERMINAL  SUBSTATION. 

Repairs  of  all  electric  equipment  installed  in 
the  Grace-Salt  Lake  Terminal  Substation  building. 

SUBSTATION  ACCOUNTS 

OPERATION 

80    WAGES — TRANSFORMER   STATION. 

Wages  of  operators  and  switchboard  men  in 
step-up  and  step-down  transformer  stations,  includ- 
ing proportionate  part  of  salary  of  superintendent. 

82    Misc.  SUPPLIES  AND  EXPENSES. 

Sundry    items    of    operation    of    transformer 
station. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Wipers,  misc.  tools,  bolts,  nuts,  screws,  nails, 
etc. ;  janitor's  supplies,  ice  water,  meals,  etc. ;  light 
(lanterns,  oil  wicks,  candles,  incandescent  lamps, 
arc  light  globes  and  carbons). 

MAINTENANCE 

84    TRANSFORMER  STATION  BUILDINGS. 

Labor  and  material  used  in  repairing  same. 
75 


ACCOUNT  NO.  EXPLANATION 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Plumbing,  sashes,  windows,  roof,  doors  and 
walls,  heating  and  lighting  systems;  grounds  and 
streets;  vaults,  pits,  sidewalks,  elevators,  lockers, 
lavatories,  fire  protection  system,  painting  and 
white-washing. 

86    TRANSFORMERS  AND  SWITCHING  APPARATUS.     • 

Labor  and  materials  used  in  making  repairs  to 
same. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

Rewinding  coils,  renewing  oil,  repainting,  re- 
moval and  replacing  transformers,  freight  and 
cartage,  renewing  switch  clips,  fuses,  marble  bases, 
repairs  to  cells,  barriers,  etc. 

APPENDIX 

Following  are  a  number  of  items  not  specifically 
mentioned  in  the  foregoing  list  of  accounts,  with  the  pro- 
per account  number  in  each  case: 

ACCOUNT  NO.  ITEM 

22  Repairs   to   bridges   and   to   roads    leading  to 

generating  stations,   but  not   a   part   of   Company 
Property. 

62  Supplies  for  Dispatcher's  Office. 

64  Operation  and  repairs  of  switchracks,   switch 

yards  and  equipment  such  as  switches,  transformers 
and  arresters  at  switchracks  or  switch  yards. 

76 


ACCOUNT  NO.  ITEM 

Building  and  repairing  gates,  fences  and 
bridges,  either  outside  or  along  power  line  right 
of  ways. 

Cutting  brush  along  power  lines. 

68  Trimming  trees  along  power  lines. 

70  Trimming  trees  and  cutting  brush  along  tele- 

phone   lines. 

Building    and    repairing     gates,     fences,     and 
bridges,    either   outside   or   along  the   telephone 
line  right  of  ways.    Telephone  Wire. 

IX— OPERATION,   INSPECTION   AND   MAIN- 
TENANCE OF  EQUIPMENT 

It  will  be  impracticable  to  treat  in  this  book  all  of 
the  various  equipment  with  which  we  are  concerned  under 
the  above  heading  in  as  full  a  manner  as  might  be  done. 
The  items,  therefore  that  are  given  in  the  following  pages 
will  be  those  which  are  either  most  important  or  those 
which  will  need  to  be  referred  to  most  often. 

Reference  to  the  following  books  and  publications 
will  disclose  valuable  information  regarding  the  various 
equipment. 

REFERENCES  : — 

Standard  Handbook  for  Electrical  Engineers. 
Hydro-Electric  Power  Stations — Rushmore  &  Lof. 
Water  Power  Engineering — Meade. 
Various  Manufactures'  Bulletins  and  Instruction 

Books. 

Bearings  and  their  Lubrication — Vacuum  Oil  Co. 
National     Electrical     Safety     Code — Bureau   of 

Standards. 

77 


1.  Hydraulic  Apparatus 

Provision  is  made  in  the  outline  for  the  Quarterly 
Inspection  Report  for  a  regular  inspection  of  the  various 
hydraulic  equipment,  such  as  dams  and  intakes,  waterways, 
pressure  boxes,  surge  tanks,  penstocks,  water  wheels,  relief 
valves  and  the  tailrace.  But  in  addition,  a  more  frequent 
inspection  is  necessary  on  all  of  these  various  classes  of 
equipment.  Flumes,  pipe  lines  and  canals  should  be  con- 
stantly patroled  to  discover  any  leakage  or  breaks,  as 
such  are  liable  to  occur  at  any  time.  Relief  valves  should 
be  tested  each  day  to  see  that  they  are  working  properly. 

The  proper  procedure  to  be  followed  in  the  closing  of 
headgates  in  an  emergency,  the  time  necessary  to  close 
such  gates,  either  by  hand  or  motor,  and  the  precautions 
which  should  be  followed  to  prevent  the  collapsing  of 
flow-lines  or  penstocks  should  be  familiar  to  all  employes 
at  the  plant  who  are  connected  with  the  operation  of 
such  equipment. 

2.  Governors 

All  bearings  on  the  moving  parts  of  governors 
should  be  kept  properly  lubricated  by  the  operator.  He 
should  also  see  that  the  oil  pressure  and  level  in  the 
accumulator  tanks  is  kept  normal  and  should  clean  the 
governors  each  shift,  as  the  oil  accumulates. 

Frequent  inspection  should  be  made  of  the  dashpots  to 
see  that  they  are  always  full  of  oil. 

No  permanent  adjustments  to  the  governors  are  to 
be  made  except  upon  the  instruction  of  the  Superintendent. 
Care  should  be  taken  in  changing  from  hand  control  to 
governor  control,  or  vice  versa,  that  no  load  changes  are 
made  on  the  unit. 

78 


3.  Generators 

(a)  ALTERATING  CURRENT. 

To  place  a  generator  in  service,  adjust  its  speed  and 
voltage  to  approximately  that  of  the  running  machine 
or  the  line. 

Insert  the  synchronizing  plug  or  plugs  in  the  proper 
receptacle. 

When  the  needle  of  the  synchroscope  is  very  slowly 
revolving  and  the  two  voltages  are  approximately  equal, 
close  the  switch,  starting  the  movement  a  trifle  before 
the  pointer  comes  to  the  zero  mark.  This  is  so  that 
actual  contact  will  take  place  when  the  pointer  is  straight 
up.  In  the  case  of  remote  control  switches,  time  must 
be  allowed  for  the  switch  to  close  after  the  button  is 
pulled.  It  is  not  advisable  to  close  the  switch  while  the 
pointer  is  stationary  as  a  little  friction  may  cause  it  to 
stick  or  a  potential  fuse  may  have  blown.  Be  sure  that  the 
lamps  are  dark  just  before  and  while  closing  the  switch. 
Do  not  hurry,  but  do  not  wait  for  all  conditions  to  become 
ideal.  In  emergency  cases,  when  there  is  a  demand  for 
quick  synchronizing,  differences  in  voltage  up  to  15  per 
cent  should  be  neglected  and  an  effort  made  to  get  the 
unit  on  the  line  at  the  first  opportunity.  For  this  reason 
it  is  well  to  always  synchronize  as  quickly  as  possible 
so  that  the  operation  will  not  seem  difficult  in  emergency 
cases. 

Remove  the  plugs  as  soon  as  the  operation  is  com- 
pleted and  place  in  the  proper  holders. 

Adjust  gate  settings  or  governor  and  the  field  current 
at  once  so  as  to  bring  the  load  and  power  factor  to  the 
proper  values. 

79 


When  taking  off  a  generator  see  that  the  current  and 
load  of  that  generator  are  practically  zero,  at  the  instant 
the  oil  switch  is  opened.  This  can  always  be  done  by 
changing  the  field  current  and  the  turbine  gate  settings. 

Whenever  a  number  of  generators  are  paralleled  low 
tension,  never  have  more  than  one  neutral  ground  switch 
closed  because  trouble  may  arise,  due  to  circulating 
currents  and  increased  heating.  If  the  low  tension  bus 
is  separated  and  generators  are  operating  on  each  section, 
one  neutral  on  each  section  may  be  grounded. 

It  has  been  found  that  the  laminations  in  generators 
gradually  loosen  up  and  are  liable  to  vibrate  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  teeth  break  off.  The  laminations  are 
clamped  together  by  various  devices,  but  it  should  be 
evident  in  each  case  how  to  tighten  them.  This  should  be 
done  as  found  necessary. 

In  cleaning  large  generators  and  motors,  all  windings 
and  air  ducts  should  be  cleaned  with  vacuum,  if  possible, 
and  blown  out  with  compressed  air  and  wiped  with 
cloth.  Thorough  inspection  should  be  made  for  all  defects. 
Horizontal  shaft  machines  should  have  the  stator  moved 
to  one  side  and  inspected  and  cleaned  each  spring.  Some 
of  the  larger  vertical  shaft  machines  have  sufficient  space 
between  the  pole  pieces  to  permit  cleaning  and  inspecting, 
without  taking  the  machine  apart. 

(b)  DIRECT  CURRENT. 

Exciter  trouble  is  usually  due  to  dirty  commutator  and 
brushes.  The  commutator  should  be  wiped  and  all  particles 
of  copper  removed  from  the  faces  of  the  brushes  each 
day,  or  more  often  if  necessary,  as  each  of  these  particles 
will  cut  a  groove  in  the  commutator.  Oil  should  never  be 

80 


used  on  the  commutator  as  it  gets  down  into  the  mica 
and  carbonizes,  causing  a  high  resistance  short  circuit. 
Care  should  also  be  taken  that  oil  does  not  get  onto 
the  commutator  by  working  its  way  up  from  the  shaft 
of  the  machine.  Sufficient  lubrication  can  usually  be 
provided  by  the  application  of  the  proper  grade  of  brush. 

All  commutators  dry  out  and  shrink  after  a  number  of 
years,  which  makes  it  necessary  to  tighten  the  V  clamp 
rings  occasionally.  The  bolts  which  tighten  these  rings 
are  usually  exposed  at  the  end  of  the  commutator.  If 
the  commutators  are  not  tightened  from  time  to  time 
difficulty  is  liable  to  occur,  due  to  high  bars,  and  con- 
siderable damage  can  be  done  to  a  commutator  if  it 
is  allowed  to  remain  loose  for  any  length  of  time. 

All  undercut  commutators  should  be  inspected  and 
cleaned  every  three  months,  cleaning  out  the  grooves 
between  the  bars  and  slightly  bevelling  the  edges  of  the 
commutator  bars  with  a  special  file  for  that  purpose. 

Whenever  it  is  desired  to  parallel  two  compound 
wound  exciters,  take  the  regulator  off  the  machine  in 
service,  if  this  condition  exists.  Adjust  the  voltage  on 
incoming  machine  to  a  value  approximate  to  that  of  the 
machine  in  service,  then  close  the  equalizer  switch  and 
then  the  main  exciter  switch.  Immediately  after  placing 
the  exciters  together,  transfer  the  load  and  be  sure  the 
current  is  zero  on  the  exciter  to  be  taken  out  of  service, 
and  then  open  its  switch  and  the  equalizer  switch.  The 
regulator  may  then  be  put  back  on  the  exciter  which  is 
to  be  kept  in  service. 

A  very  small  movement  of  the  brushes  on  a  commuta- 
ting  pole  generator  will  cause  a  great  change  in  its 
operating  characteristics.  For  this  reason  never  shift 

81 


the  brushes  of  these  machines,  and  always  be  sure  that 
the  lock  nuts  securing  the  brushholders  are  set  up  tightly. 

4.  Transformers 

When  dropping  a  bank  of  transformers,  which  is 
in  parallel  with  other  transformers,  the  method  recom- 
mended to  be  used  whenever  possible,  is  as  follows : — 

Open  the  H.  T.  oil  switch,  then  open  the  L.  T.  oil 
switch.  The  disconnecting  switches  can  then  be  opened. 
If  there  are  not  oil  switches  on  both  the  high  and  low 
tension  sides,  but  an  oil  switch  on  one  side  and  air  switches 
or  disconnecting  switches  on  the  other  side,  the  bank 
should  be  taken  out  of  service  by  opening  the  air  switches 
or  disconnecting  switches  first  and  the  oil  switch  last. 

In  case  there  are  no  oil  switches  provided,  the  air 
switch  or  disconnects  on  the  high  tension  side  should  be 
opened  first  and  the  bank  dropped  from  the  low  tension 
side. 

If  the  bank  is  not  in  parallel  with  others,  the  oil 
switch,  if  only  one  is  provided,  should  be  opened  first. 

If  possible,  and  if  other  difficulties  are  not  en- 
countered in  so  doing,  the  load  and  current  on  the  bank 
to  be  taken  out  of  service  should  be  reduced  to  the  mini- 
mum, before  opening  either  the  high  or  low  tension 
switches. 

The  temperature  of  oil  filled  transformers  should 
be  kept  at  least  10  degrees  above  that  of  the  surrounding 
air.  Rapid  decreases  in  temperature  must  be  avoided  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  moisture  inside  the  case  and 
thus  weakening  the  oil  and  insulation.  It  will  be  nec- 
essary to  watch  the  oil  temperature  in  water  cooled 
transformers  very  closely  in  cold  weather,  as  the  water 


temperature  is  very  apt  to  be  below  that  of  the  surround- 
ing air.  If  it  is  impossible  to  obtain  the  right  tempera- 
ture using  all  of  the  cooling  coils,  part  of  them  may  be 
cut  out  of  service  by  closing  the  proper  valves. 

The  oil  level  on  transformers  should  be  checked  by  the 
operator  on  his  regular  rounds.  A  drop  in  the  oil  level 
might  cause  a  flashover  and  a  rise  might  indicate  a 
leak  in  one  of  the  cooling  coils. 

Wherever  temperature  indicators  on  the  switchboard 
and  thermometers  on  the  transformers  are  provided,  the 
two  should  be  checked  at  the  beginning  of  each  shift, 
recording  both  readings  in  the  log  book. 

Whenever  a  transformer  is  to  be  taken  out  of  service, 
turn  off  the  cooling  water.  However,  in  hot  weather,  the 
water  should  not  be  completely  turned  off  immediately, 
as  it  is  necessary  to  dissipate  the  heat  in  the  core  and 
windings.  Flush  all  transformer  cooling  coils  each  shift 
by  opening  the  valves  wide  for  a  moment.  It  is  also 
good  practice  to  blow  out  the  cooling  coils  with  compressed 
air  at  regular  intervals  if  the  necessary  equipment  is 
available. 

Transformers  should  be  cleaned  and  inspected  as 
thoroughly  as  possible  every  three  months,  without  dis- 
mantling. Tanks,  gauges  and  bushings  should  be  wiped 
clean  and  inspected  for  cracks  or  other  defects.  It  is 
usually  not  necessary  to  inspect  the  cores  of  transformers 
unless  the  oil  shows  that  a  deposit  is  being  thrown  down. 

It  is  very  important  when  working  about  transformers 
to  take  all  the  precautions  possible  against  dropping  any- 
thing into  them.  Everyone's  pockets  should  be  emptied, 
and  a  heavy  cord  should  be  tied  to  all  wrenches,  pliers, 
and  other  tools  used. 

83 


Make  frequent  inspection  of  the  calcium  chloride  in 
the  transformer  breathers,  whenever  such  are  in  use, 
and  renew  it  whenever  it  shows  sign  of  dampness. 

The  oil  in  all  high  tension  transformers  should  be 
tested  at  least  once  every  three  months  to  determine 
its  dielectric  strength. 

5.  Lightning  Arresters 

Electrolytic  lightning  arresters  should  be  charged 
twice  a  day  during  the  summer  months,  from  May  to 
October  inclusive,  and  once  a  day  from  November  to 
April,  inclusive.  The  oil  level  should  be  checked  by  the 
operator  on  his  rounds. 

To  charge  a  three  tank  bank  of  electrolytic  lightning 
arresters  under  normal  conditions,  close  the  horns  to 
a  direct  contact,  holding  together  ten  seconds  and  quickly 
draw  apart.  For  a  four  tank  bank  of  arresters,  reverse  the 
transfer  device  and  repeat.  Note  the  charging  resistances 
to  observe  any  arcs  or  unusal  heating  of  the  porcelain, 
the  condition  of  the  arc  when  opening  the  horn  gaps, 
and  listen  for  noise  inside  the  tanks  while  charging. 

When  completing  the  charging  of  lightning  arresters, 
do  not  depend  upon  the  position  of  the  operating  handle 
to  determine  the  position  of  the  horn  gaps,  but  look  at 
the  horns  to  see  that  they  are  open  the  proper  distance. 
The  horn  gaps  are  provided  because  the  cells  will  not  stand 
continuous  charging  for  any  considerable  ierigxn  of  time, 
such  as  takes  place  when  the  horn  gaps  are  closed  and 
the  cells  connected  directly  to  the  line.  Serious  damage 
will  result  should  the  horn  gaps  be  left  closed  or  partially 
closed. 

84 


The  manufacturers  guarantee  these  arresters  to  endure 
an  ordinary  continuous  discharge  for  30  minutes.  Hence, 
in  case  of  a  prolonged  discharge  the  horn  gaps  should  not 
be  opened  within  the  first  few  minutes  except  on  Dis- 
patcher's orders,  or  to  relieve  a  distressed  condition  or 
failure  of  arresters  as  evidenced  by  explosion,  oil  throw- 
ing, etc. 

Following  any  prolonged  discharge  of  arresters  suf- 
ficient to  warm  the  oil  a  noticeable  amount,  the  strength 
of  film  should  be  ascertained  by  bringing  the  horns  to  an 
arcing  contact  and  immediately  opening.  This  should  be 
repeated  six  or  eight  times  in  the  next  24  hours,  holding 
the  horns  together  for  a  few  seconds  only. 

If  the  cells  are  in  poor  condition,  the  first  arc  at 
the  gaps  may  be  white,  flaring  and  rise  halfway  or  even 
to  the  top  of  the  horns  before  it  is  extinguished,  thus 
showing  considerable  current.  The  normal  charging  cur- 
rent will  produce  in  daylight,  a  reddish  yellow  colored  arc 
which  does  not  rise  much  on  the  horns. 

The  tanks  should  never  be  touched  to  ascertain 
temperature  or  for  any  other  purpose  except  when  the 
horns  are  open. 

Lightning  arresters  should  be  cleaned  and  inspected 
as  thoroughly  as  possible  every  three  months  without 
dismantling.  Tanks,  gauges  and  bushings  should  be  wiped 
clean  and  inspected  for  cracks  or  other  defects. 

Every  three  years  the  electrolytic  lightning  arresters 
should  be  dismantled  and  completely  rebuilt.  During 
each  of  the  other  two  years,  the  cone  stacks  should  be 
lifted  up  out  of  the  oil  and  given  a  preliminary  charge 
and  inspection  so  as  to  determine  any  burned  supporting 
rods  or  punctured  cones. 

85 


The  charging  current  of  electrolytic  arresters  should 
be  measured  every  month  where  ammeter  jacks  are  pro- 
vided, and  in  case  there  is  a  serious  increase  of  current, 
all  cones  should  be  given  a  preliminary  charge,  and  if 
necessary  should  be  dismantled  and  rebuilt. 

6.  Oil  Switches 

The  oil  level  on  switches  provided  with  gauge  glasses 
should  be  checked  by  the  operator  on  his  rounds. 

If  oil  switches  are  operated  slowly,  an  arc  is  drawn 
out  which  may  cause  a  flashover.  Slow  operation  also 
blisters  the  contacts  and  carbonizes  the  oil.  Hand  opera- 
tion should  imitate  automatic  operation.  All  oil  switches 
should  be  operated  to  the  extreme  position  as  quickly  as 
possible. 

After  any  oil  switch  has  automatically  tripped  under 
heavy  short  circuit,  inspection  should  be  made  before 
placing  it  in  service  again. 

Should  the  indicating  lamps  ever  burn  in  series  on  a 
remote  controlled  switch,  immediate  inspection  should  be 
made  and  the  contacts  cleaned  or  adjusted.  Never  take 
for  granted  the  position  of  a  switch  when  the  indicating 
lamps  are  burning  in  series. 

It  will  be  necessary  to  filter  the  oil  in  the  oil  switches 
after  breaking  a  number  of  short  circuit  currents.  How 
often  this  will  be  necessary  must  be  decided  upon  by  the 
Superintendent,  according  to  past  experience.  Some 
switches  will  require  filtering  more  often  than  others, 
depending  on  the  severity  of  the  short  circuits.  In  ad- 
dition, oil  switches  should  be  periodically  inspected  and 
oil  tested  and  filtered  if  necessary,  contacts  examined  and 

86 


repaired,  operating  mechanisms  oiled  and  adjusted,  bush- 
ings and  tanks  examined,  etc. 

Before  attempting  to  close  any  type  H-3  oil  switch 
that  has  been  standing  open  for  any  length  of  time,  the 
dust  should  be  wiped  off  the  main  contacts  with  a  special 
stick  provided  for  that  purpose. 

The  mechanism  housing  on  all  outdoor  oil  switches, 
should  be  provided  with  drains  at  all  points  where  it  is 
possible  for  water  to  collect.  This  is  to  prevent  freezing 
and  possible  failure  of  the  oil  switch  to  open.  These 
drains  should  be  fitted  with  a  short  length  of  pipe  so 
as  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  snow  and  rain  being 
blown  up  into  the  switch  through  the  drain  hole. 

7.  Switchboard  Equipment 

The  operator  should  check  up  the  time  clocks  on  all 
recording  meters  in  the  station  each  hour  and  see  that 
the  pens  have  ink  and  are  making  a  plain,  clear-cut 
record.  In  case  it  is  necessary  to  correct  the  clock,  always 
make  notation  on  the  paper  of  the  amount  and  direction 
of  the  change.  All  recording  meter  charts  should  be 
signed  by  the  man  on  duty.  Be  careful  to  mark  all  lines 
on  the  chart  showing  abnormal  conditions.  If  lines  are 
due  to  faulty  action  of  the  meter  they  should  be  so 
marked.  Likewise,  if  due  to  line  disturbances,  the  nature 
of  the  disturbances  should  be  noted. 

Individual  ammeter  readings  for  each  of  the  three 
phases  on  all  lines,  transformers,  etc.,  should  be  taken 
if  possible  at  the  beginning  of  each  shift  and  recorded  in 
their  respective  order.  This  will  enable  one  to  detect 
any  unbalancing  or  variation  from  normal  conditions. 

87 


In  taking  the  temperature  of  different  points  on  a 
machine,  with  the  ordinary  General  Electric  Company 
type  of  temperature  indicator  equipment,  be  sure  that 
the  switch  is  open  while  the  plug  is  being  changed.  This 
may  be  done  by  first  taking  a  reading,  then  opening  the 
switch  and  changing  the  plug,  and  then  closing  and 
reading,  etc.  The  indication  of  the  instruments  should 
be  frequently  checked  by  means  of  the  test  switch,  the 
pulling  of  which  will  lower  the  indication  about  twelve 
degrees  when  the  apparatus  is  in  order. 

Bell  alarms,  signal  bells  and  horns  should  be  tested 
at  the  beginning  of  each  shift.  Any  emergency  signal 
or  signals  should  be  tested  at  a  specified  time  each  day. 
Do  not  depend  entirely  upon  the  alarms  to  warn  you  of 
an  unusual  condition.  They  are  installed  to  help  avoid 
a  bad  result,  but  must  not  be  considered  to  be  entirely 
reliable  or  to  relieve  the  operator  of  his  responsibility. 

8.  Telephones  and  Telegraph  Equipment 

The  manner  in  which  a  person  uses  a  telephone  in- 
dicates his  character  to  a  great  extent  and  makes  either  a 
good  or  bad  impression.  This  impression  is  reflected 
directly  upon  the  Company  from  which  this  message 
comes. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  do  business  with  a  man  who  per- 
forms every  detail  in  a  clean-cut,  satisfactory  manner,  but 
it  leaves  a  sting  to  be  answered  abruptly  or  discourteously 
over  the  telephone.  Speak  clearly  and  distinctly  directly 
into  the  transmitter. 

Practice  the  Golden  Rule  in  answering  all  calls 
promptly. 

88 


When  leaving  the  private  telephone,  if  only  for  an 
instant  hang  up  the  receiver.  If  this  is  not  done,  it  is 
very  difficult  to  ring  the  various  stations  and  often  the 
line  is  too  noisy  for  use  due  to  noise  inside  the  station. 
These  lines  must  be  in  condition  for  use  in  system  opera- 
tion at  all  times. 

Telephones  should  be  answered  by  giving  the  name 
of  the  station  instead  of  the  obsolete  "Hello."  When  you 
receive  a  request  for  a  telephone  connection  or  a  party, 
you  should  let  the  person  making  the  request  know  that 
you  understand.  If  this  is  not  done,  considerable  con- 
fusion and  delay  results. 

The  telephone  lines  are  primarily  for  use  in  Dispatch- 
ing. Hence,  if  a  line  is  busy,  and  there  is  urgent  need 
of  getting  it  for  "operation,"  the  parties  may  be  asked 
to  give  up  the  line  for  a  few  moments,  telling  them  that 
it  is  needed  "for  operation."  This  can  be  done  courteous- 
ly and  without  offense  to  parties  using  the  line. 

All  telephones  and  extension  bells  should  be  tested  at 
the  beginning  of  each  shift  and  any  trouble  reported 
immediately  to  the  Plant  Superintendent.  Telephone 
switchboard  plugs  should  be  cleaned  and  polished  occasion- 
ally as  this  often  improves  the  service. 

In  case  of  telephone  trouble  immediately  test  for 
location.  Always  test  out  all  telephone  apparatus  at 
your  station  to  ascertain  if  the  trouble  is  on  the  line  or 
in  your  telephone  apparatus.  As  soon  as  the  trouble  is 
located,  notify  the  Dispatcher.  If  it  is  impossible  to  get 
in  touch  with  the  Dispatcher,  notify  the  nearest  patrolman. 
If  unable  to  talk  with  any  patrolman,  start  men  out  on  the 
line  with  a  section  of  twisted  pair,  etc.,  so  that  at  least 
temporary  repairs  can  be  made  in  the  shortest  possible 

89 


time.  Whenever  trouble  is  being-  experienced  with  a  line, 
listen  closely  at  all  times  for  any  rings  as  a  patrolman 
may  be  trying  to  ring  you  and  may  have  difficulty  on 
account  of  the  weak  ringer  used. 

The  Mountain  States  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Com- 
pany objects  to  our  telephone  lines  being-  connected  to 
their  system.  No  connection  should  be  made  to  them  in 
the  future.  Be  careful  to  get  all  long  distance  calls 
recorded  so  that  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in  checking  the 
bills  at  the  end  of  the  month. 

When  any  of  the  main  telephone  lines  are  connected 
through  the  plant  to  any  local  'phone,  watch  the  connection 
and  disconnect  the  lines  as  soon  as  possible.  A  great 
deal  of  inconvenience  is  sometimes  caused  by  leaving  the 
lines  connected. 

When  anyone  calls  regarding  trouble  of  any  nature, 
connect  them  with  the  Plant  Superintendent,  if  he  can 
be  found  readily,  otherwise  get  the  name  and  where  the 
party  can  be  reached,  together  with  all  the  particulars  of 
the  trouble.  The  trouble  should  be  remedied  immediately 
if  it  can  properly  be  done,  otherwise  get  the  information 
to  the  Superintendent  at  once  so  he  can  correct  the 
trouble  in  the  shortest  time  possible.  Always  report  fully 
each  case  to  the  Superintendent. 

The  Dispatcher  will  give  Western  Union  time  by  tele- 
graph each  day  if  possible.  The  method  of  procedure  is  that 
followed  by  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company. 
Two  or  three  minutes  before  the  hour,  usually  at  12:00 
o'clock  noon,  the  telegraph  will  start  ticking  on  the 
second.  The  30th  second  of  each  minute  is  omitted.  The 
55th  to  59th  seconds  inclusive  are  omitted.  There  is  no 
variation  from  this  until  the  last  minute  before  the  hour, 

90 


then  instead  of  stopping  at  55  seconds,  it  stops  at  50 
seconds  and  remains  quiet  until  60,  which  tick  indicates 
the  hour  to  be  checked.  After  the  hour,  four  or  five 
clicks  are  usually  sounded  as  a  matter  of  convenience. 

9.  Regulating  Equipment 
(a)  TIRRILL  REGULATORS. 

Any  erratic  action  or  unusual  arcing  of  relay  contacts 
or  main  floating  contacts  should  be  reported  to  the  Plant 
Superintendent  immediately.  The  regulator  contact 
switches  should  be  reversed  at  the  beginning  of  each 
shift  when  the  regulator  is  in  service.  If  contacts  are 
burned  or  pitted  and  are  not  operating  satisfactorily,  they 
should  be  cleaned  at  the  first  opportunity.  If  still  operat- 
ing satisfactorily,  they  should  be  cleaned  when  the  regu- 
lator is  given  the  regular  inspection,  cleaning  and  adjust- 
ment. Once  every  four  months  the  regulator  should  be 
taken  out  of  service,  the  contacts  filed  smooth,  all  pivots 
removed,  cleaned  and  oiled,  and  the  springs  adjusted. 

Slight  voltage  adjustments  are  made  by  turning  the 
thumb  nut  controlling  the  spring  on  the  floating  contacts 
in  the  upper  right  hand  corner  of  the  case,  or  where 
such  is  provided,  by  adjustment  of  the  rheostat  in  the 
alternating  current  circuit  of  the  regulator. 

To  place  a  regulator  in  service,  first  see  that  the 
knife  switches  in  the  relay  circuit  or  the  gang  switch, 
if  such  is  provided,  are  open,  and  that  the  switches  in 
the  D.  C.  and  A.  C.  control  circuits  are  closed.  Adjust 
either  by  means  of  the  thumb  nut  on  the  spring  controlling 
the  main  contacts  or  the  rheostat  in  the  A.C.  circuit,  where 
such  is  provided,  until  the  main  contacts  are  just  floating. 
Then  close  the  small  knife  switches  or  the  gang  switch,  if 

91 


such  is  provided,  and  then  turn  in  resistance  on  the 
exciter  field  rheostat  until  the  handle  is  in  the  position 
marked  or  that  position  as  determined  by  previous  tests 
to  be  the  best  position  for  operation. 

To  take  a  regulator  out  of  service,  turn  out  resistance 
in  the  exciter  field  rheostat  until  the  contacts  stop  operat- 
ing, then  open  the  knife  switches  or  the  gang  switch,  and 
the  control  switches. 

(b)  INDUCTION  REGULATORS. 

The  principal  precautions  which  should  be  taken  in 
the  operation  of  induction  regulators  are  to  see  that 
the  temperature  never  becomes  excessive,  and  to  fre- 
quently inspect  the  time  delay  fuses  to  see  that  the  motor 
is  not  operating  single  phase.  The  contacts  on  the  relays 
should  also  be  frequently  inspected  and  cleaned. 

10.  Storage  Batteries 

Ground  detector  lamps  are  usually  provided  on 
storage  battery  circuits  with  the  common  arrangement 
of  two  lamps  in  series  across  the  two  wire^  and  the  middle 
point  connected  to  ground  thru  a  knife  switch  or  plug 
switch.  This  switch  should  normally  be  left  closed  so 
that  a  ground  occuring  on  the  system  at  any  point  will 
be  indicated  by  an  unequal  brilliancy  of  the  lamps. 

Storage  batteries  should  be  filled  once  a  week  with 
distilled  water,  using  a  glass  or  earthen-ware  pitcher — 
never  a  metal  pitcher — preferably  just  after  the  weekly 
specific  gravity  readings  are  taken.  This  interval  will 
possibly  be  shortened  in  the  summer  months  on  account 
of  increased  evaporation.  The  temperature  should  also 
be  recorded  when  taking  specific  gravity  readings, 

92 


Whenever  a  relay  is  provided  for  tripping  a  few 
emergency  lights  onto  the  D.  C.  system  during  trouble 
cases,  it  should  be  inspected  after  each  case  of  trouble 
as  soon  as  voltage  conditions  are  stable  and  the  lights 
put  back  on  the  A.  C.  system.  If  this  is  not  done,  the 
batteries  are  apt  to  run  down  too  fast.  Also  see  that 
the  charging  set  is  not  motoring  on  the  battery. 

Several  different  types  and  sizes  of  storage  batteries 
are  in  use  at  the  various  stations.  Following  are  some 
of  the  instructions  to  be  observed  in  the  care  and  operation 
of  lead  plate  storage  batteries: — 

LEAD   PLATE   STORAGE   BATTERIES 
PILOT  CELL. 

Select  a  cell  (not  in  the  end  cell  group)  as  a  pilot 
cell.  Mark  a  paint  line  on  the  jar  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
above  the  top  of  plates.  Keep  the  height  of  the  electro- 
lyte at  this  point  by  adding  a  small  quantitiy  of  water 
each  day ;  this  is  very  important. 

If  pilot  cell  is  equipped  with  an  Automatic  Water 
Filler,  it  should  be  kept  in  proper  working  order  (see 
Instructions  furnished  with  Filler). 

FLOATING. 

Float  the  battery  continuously  on  the  motor  generator 
set,  if  such  equipment  is  installed,  adjusting  the  voltage 
so  that  the  average  voltage  per  cell  will  be  between  2.10 
and  2.14  volts. 

With  proper  voltage  adjustment  the  specific  gravity 
of  the  pilot  cell  will  remain  practically  constant  within 
one  or  two  points  of  the  maximum  reached  on  the  pre- 
ceding equalizing  charge. 

93 


DISCHARGE  LIMITS. 

When  necessary  to  discharge,  do  not,  except  in  an 
emergency,  allow  the  battery  voltage  to  fall  below  1.75 
volts  per  cell,  nor  the  gravity  of  the  pilot  cell  to  fall 
more  than  31  points  below  the  gravity  reached  on  the 
preceding  equalizing  charge.  When  either  of  the  above 
limits  is  reached,  there  is  practically  no  reserve  capacity 
remaining,  therefore  a  discharge  should  ordinarily  be 
stopped  before  the  limits  are  reached. 

CHARGING. 
Equalizing  Charge. 

At  a  regular,  definite  period  charge  the  battery  at 
as  near  the  normal  rate  as  possible,  continuing  until  five 
consecutive  15-minute  readings  of  the  gravity  of  the  pilot 
cell,  taken  from  the  time  gassing  starts,  show  no  rise, 
thus  indicating  that  the  gravity  has  been  at  a  maximum 
for  a  period  of  one  hour.  The  battery  voltage  should 
likewise  show  a  one-hour  maximum  and  all  the  cells  be 
gassing  freely  and  uniformly. 

In  case  60  cells  are  being  charged  and  50  cells  dis- 
charged, the  cells  in  the  end  cell  group  will  become 
charged  ahead  of  the  main  group,  as  they  take  the 
current  for  the  pilot  lamps  in  addition  to  the  charging 
current;  this  arrangement  allows  the  generator  voltage 
to  be  raised  without  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
voltage  of  the  lamp  circuit.  These  cells  should  there- 
fore be  cut  out  of  charge  ahead  of  the  main  group  and 
after  they  have  been  gassing  freely  for  one  hour. 
Charge  After  Discharge. 

Recharge  the  battery  as  soon  as  possible  after  a 
discharge,  completing  the  charge  in  the  same  manner  as 

94 


for  an  equalizing  charge.  When  quick  recharging  is 
necessary,  rates  up  to  the  maximum  may  be  used  for 
the  first  part  of  the  charge  or  until  gassing  starts,  when 
the  rate  should  be  lowered  to  normal. 

VENTILATION. 

The  battery  room  must  never  be  kept  entirely  closed 
up  and  sufficient  openings  must  be  arranged  to  afford  good 
ventilation.  This  is  of  the  utmost  importance  when 
charging,  on  account  of  the  collection  of  explosive  gasses. 

REPLACING  EVAPORATION. 

The  electrolyte  must  cover  the  plates  at  all  times. 
Keep  it  at  its  proper  level  (one-half  to  three-fourths 
inches  above  the  top  of  the  plates.)  Use  only  approved 
water  to  replace  evaporation.  Add  the  water  just  before 
charging.  Do  not  add  acid  or  electrolyte. 

CELL  READINGS. 
Pilot  Cell. 

Record  the  gravity  of  the  pilot  cell  once  every 
eight  hours;  also  the  temperature  of  this  cell.  During 
the  equalizing  charge,  when  gassing  starts,  record  the 
gravity  of  the  pilot  cell  every  15  minutes  until  charge  is 
completed. 

Individual  Cells. 

Shortly  before  the  equalizing  charge  is  started,  record 
the  gravity  of  each  cell  in  the  battery.  Toward  the  end 
of  the  equalizing  charge  if  any  cells  show  indications 
of  trouble,  record  the  voltage  reading  of  these  cells  and 
of  several  normal  cells  for  comparison. 

95 


INSPECTION. 

Before  the  equalizing  charge,  inspect  all  cells  in  the 
battery  for  color  of  plates  and  short  circuits  between 
the  plates  or  hanging  lugs,  using  a  lamp  on  an  extension 
cord  for  the  purpose. 

Near  the  end  of  the  equalizing  charge  inspect  all 
cells  for  gassing,  noting  which  are  gassing  less  than 
surrounding  cells.  Where  any  trouble  is  indicated,  first 
look  for  short  circuits  which  should  be  removed  with  a 
strip  of  wood  or  hard  rubber,  never  use  metal. 

Never  allow  the  specific  gravity  on  a  fully  charged 
lead  battery  to  fall  below  1.185  before  inspecting  the 
same.  Try  to  maintain  a  specific  gravity  of  1.210  at 
70  degrees  Fahrenheit,  when  the  battery  is  fully  charged. 

If  a  low  cell  does  not  come  up  on  the  equalizing 
charge,  it  should  be  given  an  additional  charge. 

INDICATIONS  OF  TROUBLE. 

The  chief  indications  of  trouble  in  a  cell  are : 

1  Falling  off  in  gravity  or  voltage  relative  to  the 
rest  of  the  cells. 

2  Lack  of  gassing  on  equalizing  charge. 

3  Color  of  plates  markedly  lighter  or  darker  than 
in  surrounding  cells. 

EXPOSED  FLAME. 

Never  smoke  or  bring  an  exposed  flame  into  the 
battery  room. 

IMPURITIES. 

Never  allow  metals  or  impurities  to  get  into  the 
cells.  If  such  should  happen,  remove  at  once. 

96 


SEDIMENT. 

Never  allow  the  sediment  to  touch  the  bottom  of 
the  plates;  level  by  stirring  or  remove  when  clearance  is 
reduced  to  one-half  inch. 

LEAKING  CELL. 

In  the  case  of  a  broken  jar  or  leaky  tank,  immediately 
place  the  negative  plates  and  separators  in  a  tank  of 
water  (the  positive  plates  may  be  allowed  to  dry)  until 
repairs  can  be  made,  then  make  sure  to  fully  charge  cells. 

CLEANLINESS. 

Keep  all  metal  work  free  from  corrosion.  Keep  the 
floor,  woodwork  and  insulators  dry. 

The  outsides  of  the  glass  jars  should  be  washed  and 
the  lead  oxide  on  the  supporting  grids  wiped  off  with  a 
dry  rag  as  often  as  necessary  to  prevent  the  siphoning 
of  the  electrolyte. 

EDISON  STORAGE  BATTERIES 

Whenever  Edison  storage  batteries  are  provided,  the 
following  instructions  should  be  followed  in  regard  to 
their  care  and  operation : 

CAUTION. 

Gas  may  be  present  in  cells.  Do  not  use  a  match, 
candle  or  other  open  flame  to  inspect  connections.  All 
electrical  connections  must  be  tight  and  the  contacting 
metal  surfaces  cleaned.  A  loose  or  dirty  contact  at  the 
cell  pole  will  cause  excessive  heating  and  may  be  detected 
by  feeling  of  connector  after  current  has  been  passing 
for  sometime.  If  such  a  condition  is  found,  the  connector 
should  be  removed  and  cleaned. 

97 


HEIGHT  OF  SOLUTION. 

During  charge,  water  of  the  solution  is  driven  off 
as  vapor  and  must  be  replaced. 

Do  not  allow  the  level  of  the  solution  to  drop  so  low 
that  the  positive  tubes  are  visible  above  its  surface,  and 
do  not  fill  higher  than  the  proper  level. 

To  test  the  height  of  solution,  a  glass  tube  may  be 
used.  Insert  the  tube  until  tops  of  plates  are  touched, 
then  close  the  upper  end  with  finger  and  withdraw. 

WATERING. 

When  the  solution  becomes  low,  fill  to  the  proper 
level  using  for  this  purpose  only  pure  distilled  water 
which  has  been  kept  in  a  closed  vessel.  Never  use 
anything  but  pure  distilled  water  for  replenishing,  except 
when  the  solution  has  been  spilled,  when  standard  renewal 
solution  should  be  used.  Take  care  when  filling  not 
to  slop  water  over  and  around  the  cells  or  to  exceed  the 
specified  height.  If  filled  too  high,  solution  will  be 
forced  out  during  the  charge. 

CHARGING. 

To  maintain  the  normal  rate  throughout  the  charge, 
the  line  voltage  must  average  at  least  1.85  times  the 
number  of  cells  in  series.  For  example,  to  charge  60 
cells  in  series,  it  would  be  necessary  to  have  a  line  voltage 
of  60  times  1.85  volts  or  111  volts. 

VENTILATION. 

While  charging  always  open  the  compartment  in  which 
the  battery  is  installed  so  that  gasses  may  be  allowed  to 
escape.  When  the  air  temperature  is  high,  provide  the 
greatest  possible  ventilation. 

98 


TEMPERATURE. 

The  temperature  of  the  electrolyte  in  the  cells  should 
never  exceed  115  degrees  Fahr.  Continued  excessive 
heating  on  charge  will  shorten  the  life  of  the  battery. 

REGULAR  CHARGE. 

The  proper  length  of  charge  is  determined  by  the 
extent  of  discharge.  If  totally  discharged,  recharge  at 
the  normal  rate  for  seven  hours.  If  half  discharged, 
recharge  at  the  normal  rate  for  one  half  of  seven  hours. 
If  only  one  quarter  discharged,  recharge  at  the  normal  rate 
for  one  quarter  of  seven  hours,  etc.  If  extent  of  previous 
discharge  is  unknown,  charge  at  the  normal  rate  until  the 
volt  meter  reading  has  remained  constant  for  thirty 
minutes  at  about  1.85-volts  per  cell  with  normal  current 
flowing.  It  will  usually  be  found  necessary  to  adjust  the 
rheostat  every  one  half  hour  or  so  to  keep  the  current 
constant.  Set  the  current  each  time  a  few  amperes 
high  so  that  it  will  not  drop  to  below  normal  before  the 
next  adjustment.  If  necessary,  and  full  capacity  is  not 
required,  battery  may  be  taken  off  charge  at  any  time 
and  used. 

TAPERING   CHARGE. 

If  current  cannot  be  adjusted  during  charge,  set  the 
rate  high  enough  above  normal  (about  50  per  cent  above 
will  be  found  right  in  most  cases)  so  that  as  it  decreases 
due  to  rise  of  battery  voltage,  it  will  average  normal, 
and  do  not  touch  the  rheostat  until  charge  is  finished. 
Charge  the  same  number  of  hours  as  though  rate  were 
considered  at  normal  value.  By  this  method,  the  rate 
will  automatically  taper  until  at  the  end  of  charge  it 
is  considerably  below  normal. 

99 


CLEANING. 

The  cells,  trays  and  battery  compartments  must  be 
kept  dry  and  care  must  be  taken  that  dirt  and  other 
foreign  substances  do  not  collect  at  the  bottom  of  or 
between  cells.  Thorough  cleaning  cannot  be  done  without 
removing  the  battery  from  compartment.  Under  average 
conditions  such  cleaning  may  be  necessary  about  once  in 
six  months. 

Make  sure  that  the  cells,  trays  and  compartments  are 
dry  before  replacing  the  battery.  Dirt  and  dampness  are 
likely  to  cause  current  leakage  which  may  result  in  serious 
injury  to  the  metal  containers. 

PROTECTIVE  COATING. 

Occasionally,  cells  and  trays  after  being  cleaned 
should  be  re-coated  with  P.  and  B.  paint,  or  Esbalite. 
To  make  the  paint  adhere  properly,  all  surfaces  to  be 
coated  must  be  cleaned  perfectly  free  of  moisture,  grease, 
dirt  and  loose  parts  of  previous  coating,  after  which 
the  paint  may  be  applied  either  with  a  brush  or  pre- 
ferably by  dipping. 

SOLUTION  RENEWAL. 

The  normal  strength  of  solution  is  about  1.200  as 
measured  by  hydrometer,  but  may  at  times  be  as  high 
as  1.230. 

Never  use  a  hydrometer  previously  used  with  lead 
batteries. 

In  time,  the  solution  becomes  weak  and  if  when 
tested  after  a  full  charge  and  with  solution  at  the  proper 
height,  the  hydrometer  gives  a  reading  of  1.160  or  less, 
cells  should  be  entirely  emptied  and  re-filled  with  fresh 
solution,  filling  to  proper  height. 

100 


The  specific  gravity  of  standard  renewal  solution 
is  about  1.250,  but  when  put  into  a  battery  it  will  quickly 
fall  to  normal  due  to  mixture  of  old  weaker  solution  re- 
maining in  the  plates.  Do  not  pour  out  the  old  solution 
until  you  have  received  the  new,  and  never  allow  the 
cells  to  stand  empty. 

When  ready  to  re-fill,  first  discharge  the  batteries 
completely,  then  remove  the  old  solution.  It  is  best  to 
pour  out  about  half  the  solution,  shake  the  balance 
vigorously  and  empty.  Then  immediately  pour  in  the 
new  solution,  using  a  glass  or  enameled-ware  funnel;  or 
siphon  directly  from  the  drum  by  means  of  a  clean  rubber 
tube. 

At  time  of  renewing  solution,  it  is  well  to  observe 
the  instructions  under  cleaning.  When  new  solution  is 
in  and  the  battery  is  again  connected  up  for  service,  give 
it  a  twelve  hour  charge  at  normal  rate. 

CAUTION. 

Never  put  acid  into  an  Edison  battery  or  use  utensils 
that  have  been  used  with  acids.  You  may  ruin  the  battery. 
Never  bring  a  lighted  match,  or  other  open  flame  near 
the  battery.  Never  lay  a  tool  or  any  other  piece  of  metal 
on  the  battery.  Always  keep  filler  caps  closed,  except 
when  necessary  to  have  them  open  for  filling  as  provided 
in  these  instructions. 

11.  Bearings  and  Lubrication 

Close  attention  should  be  paid  to  all  bearings  in 
service  at  all  times.  If  a  bearing  is  not  operating  as  it 
should,  it  will  always  give  an  indication  to  this  effect. 
A  bad  condition  should  be  remedied  as  soon  as  suspected 
and  not  be  allowed  to  continue  until  it  becomes  serious. 

101 


The  operator  on  his  regular  rounds  should  inspect 
all  bearings  in  service  to  see  that  temperatures  are  normal 
and  that  all  oil  rings  are  running  freely. 

Where  a  central  gravity  lubrication  system  is  installed 
for  several  large  bearings,  the  oil  level  in  the  supply  tank 
should  be  checked  frequently,  and  float  gages  inspected 
and  tested  to  see  that  pumps  are  working  correctly  and 
that  the  floats  are  not  sticking. 

Where  different  kinds  of  oil  are  in  use  in  a  station 
such  as  in  two  different  systems,  for  instance  the  lubrica- 
tion system  and  the  governor  system,  the  oil  from  all 
drips  should  be  carefully  watched  and  kept  separated. 

The  lubrication  of  gate  operating  mechanisms,  or 
deflecting  needle  nozzle  mechanisms,  etc.,  is  an  item  that 
is  generally  done  less  thoroughly  than  needed,  because 
of  difficulties  encountered  in  some  cases.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  when  the  grease  must  be  forced  against  the 
water  pressure,  which  not  only  opposes  the  entrance  of 
more  grease  but  is  always  effective  in  forcing  back 
through  any  leak  the  total  grease  in  the  passage,  so  that 
a  considerable  amount  of  grease  must  be  added  before 
the  bearing  is  reached.  Furthermore,  the  action  of  the 
water  often  hardens  the  grease  so  that  the  forcing  in  of 
new  grease  is  all  the  more  difficult,  and  it  often  results 
that  certain  bearings  never  receive  the  lubricant.  Rather 
than  a  moderate  attempt  at  greasing,  even  though  frequent- 
ly applied,  there  should  be  applied  to  such  bearings  sub- 
jected to  water  action  or  other  opposition  to  lubrication,  an 
occasional  treatment  of  positively  forcing  in  grease  in  a 
manner  and  in  quantity  adequate  to  reach  the  bearing. 
Where  the  ordinary  grease  cups  are  not  ample,  a  special 
high  pressure  grease  gun  should  be  provided  that  may 

102 


be  applied  to  any  place  where  needed.  This  duty  should 
be  scheduled  for  certain  days  of  each  week  or  month  so 
that  it  will  be  performed  regularly.  Obviously,  units  con- 
stantly governing  need  more  frequent  attention.  Shortly 
after  the  grease  cups  are  turned  down,  old  and  excess 
grease  will  have  worked  its  way  out  on  different  parts  of 
the  mechanism  and  should  be  wiped  away. 

12.  Auxiliaries 

A  proper  understanding  of  the  operation  and  main- 
tenance of  all  auxiliaries  is  absolutely  necessary.  The 
importance  of  many  small  pumps,  motors,  control  equip- 
ment, etc.,  with  respect  to  continuity  of  operation  of  the 
station  is  seldom  appreciated.  Very  close  attention  should 
be  paid  to  this  class  of  equipment  by  the  operator  on  his 
regular  rounds  to  see  that  each  piece  of  apparatus  is 
operating  properly  and  is  sufficiently  oiled. 

13.  General 

(a)  WIRING. 

Operators  should  become  familiar  with  all  high  and 
low  tension  power  circuits,  control  circuits  for  the  various 
equipment  and  switchboard  wiring.  You  should  know 
the  location  of  all  fuses  on  the  various  circuits  so  that 
time  will  not  be  lost  in  locating  cases  of  trouble.  All 
wiring  should  be  maintained  in  good  condition  and  any 
new  circuits  should  be  installed  in  a  neat,  workmanlike 
manner,  and  should  comply  in  all  respects  to  National 
Electrical  Safety  Code  Standards. 

(b)  PIPING. 

The  scheme  and  location  of  all  piping  should  also  be 
learned  by  all  operators.  You  should  become  familiar 

103 


with  the  location  of  all  valves  and  know  the  functions 
of  each. 

Care  must  be  exercised  in  manipulating  valves.  Never 
take  for  granted  that  a  valve  is  open  or  closed  in  making 
changes.  Always  try  the  valve  to  see  that  it  is  in  the 
proper  position. 

All  switchyard  oil  piping  should  be  tested  periodically 
with  compressed  air,  to  detect  and  locate  possible  leaks 
or  corrosion. 

(c)  OPERATING. 

Extreme  care  and  deliberation  must  be  exercised  in 
operating  disconnecting  switches  so  that  mistakes  will  not 
be  made. 

Before  going  to  operate  disconnecting  switches,  it 
is  best  to  see  that  an  operator  is  at  the  switchboard  and 
is  notified  as  to  the  switches  that  are  to  be  operated, 
so  that  he  will  be  ready  to  clear  any  trouble  quickly  should 
a  mistake  be  made. 

When  a  switch  is  to  be  operated,  make  certain  you 
are  right  but  in  case  a  mistake  is  made  and  an  arc  occurs, 
do  not  face  the  arc  as  the  eyes  will  be  flashed.  If  the 
arc  holds  on,  do  not  remain  near  or  personal  injury  may 
result. 

Before  opening  any  disconnecting  switch,  note  that 
the  corresponding  oil  switch  is  open. 

(d)  MAINTENANCE. 

It  is  recognized  that  specific  rules  can  hardly  be 
made  for  the  maintenance  of  apparatus,  as  the  needs 
depend  upon  the  varying  conditions  to  which  the  apparatus 
is  being  subjected,  and  the  judgment  of  the  Plant  Superin- 
tendent must  be  depended  upon  to  keep  equipment  in  first 

104 


class  condition.  He  should  keep  a  card  index  or  other 
suitable  system  for  all  apparatus,  listing  all  name  plate 
data,  and  should  keep  a  record  on  the  same  as  to  all  opera- 
tions, inspections,  and  repairs.  Then  by  means  of  a  loose 
leaf  calender,  notations  can  be  made  on  the  dates  on 
which  the  various  pieces  of  equipment  will  need  a  periodic 
inspection. 

Of  course,  when  any  piece  of  equipment  is  taken 
out  of  service  for  some  other  reason,  it  would  possibly 
be  advantageous  to  make  an  inspection  at  the  same  time, 
thus  avoiding  unnecessary  switching  on  another  date. 

The  Plant  Superintendent  will  make  arrangements 
with  the  Dispatcher  for  taking  apparatus  out  of  service 
for  such  periodic  inspection,  and  should  not  keep  apparatus 
out  of  service  any  longer  than  is  absolutely  necessary. 

Whenever  any  repair  work  is  being  carried  on  or 
changes  being  made  which  will  in  any  way  affect  the 
operation  of  the  station,  the  men  doing  the  work  must 
keep  the  station  operator  informed  as  to  the  progress, 
as  he  will  be  held  responsible  for  this  knowledge.  Notation 
must  be  made  in  the  Log  Book  of  apparatus  tested  and 
a  full  report  sent  to  the  Superintendent  of  Power, 
(e)  STATION  ON  STANDBY  BASIS. 

Whenever  a  station  is  on  a  standby  basis  with  a 
limited  force  of  men,  extra  precautions  should  be  taken  to 
care  for  all  Company  property.  The  following  are  a  few 
suggestions : 

1.  Alarm  bells  should  be  provided  in  the  cottage 
occupied  by  Plant  Superintendent  or  Foreman,  or  other 
person  left  in  charge  of  plant,  so  that  attention  can  be 
called  to  the  tripping  of  automatic  switches  or  reduction 
in  pressure  on  pipe  line. 

105 


2.  All  flume  and  pipe  lines  should  be  patrolled  at 
least  once  a  week  and  more  often  when  conditions  make 
such  patrol  advisable. 

3.  Whenever  any  equipment  in  the  station  is  alive, 
a  man  should  be  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  station 
during  the  day,  and  a  man  should  sleep  in  the  station  at 
night,  so  that  he  can   easily  hear  any  arcs  or  arrester 
discharges,  etc. 

4.  When  it  is  necessary  to  leave  the  Plant  without 
attendants,  everything  should  be  made  as  safe  as  possible 
before  leaving.     Incoming  switches  to  transformers  and 
other  equipment  and  lightning  arrester  horn  gaps  should 
be  opened  so  that  all  station  equipment  is  left  dead.     The 
Dispatcher  should  be  advised  that  the  attendant  is  going 
away,  where  he  can  be  located  in  an  emergency,  and  the 
approximate  time   of  his  return. 

5.  If  the  Plant  Superintendent  or  Foreman   is  not 
engaged    on    plant    repairs,    line   work,    inspection,    etc., 
plant  should  be  synchronized  with  the  system  and  operated 
one  hour  each  day,  but  in  any  event  the  station  should 
be  synchronized  with  the  system  and  operated,  at  least 
one  hour  each  week. 

6.  The  plant  should  be  inspected  every  day  to  make 
sure  that  everything  is  safe  and  in  good  working  condition. 

7.  The  plant  output  sheet  should  be  made  out  and 
sent  in  each  day.    Also  state,  thereon,  how  plant  employes 
were  employed  during  the  day. 

8.  When  there  is  no  regular  employe  in  the  station 
or  substation,  these  buildings  should  be  locked  to  prevent 
any   person    or   animal    from   being   injured    or    causing 
damage. 

106 


9.  During  the  time  station  is  on  standby  basis,  an 
hourly  record  of  the  work  done  each  day  by  each  man 
is  to  be  recorded  on  the  station  output  sheet  and  copy  of 
this  data  on  regular  letter  head  sent  to  the  Superintendent 
of  Power. 

(f)  LOCAL  CIRCUITS. 

Local  circuits  to  heaters  and  ranges  and  lights  around 
camps  and  to  cottages  are  provided  for  the  benefit  of 
employes.  The  capacity  of  these  circuits  as  well  as  the 
capacity  of  the  local  service  transformers  in  many  cases 
is  limited  to  certain  values — and  care  should  be  exercised 
that  they  are  not  overloaded. 

(g)  FUSES. 

Fuses  are  used  as  a  means  of  protection  for  lighting 
circuits,  motors,  transformers,  etc.,  and  should  blow  in 
case  of  an  overload  or  short  circuit,  if  of  the  proper 
capacity.  Under  no  circumstances  should  a  circuit,  motor 
or  transformer  be  fused  for  more  than  two  and  one-half 
times  the  rated  full  load  current.  Should  a  fuse  blow 
out  do  not  replace  it  with  a  larger  fuse  without  approval 
from  the  Superintendent.  Whenever  possible  trace  out 
and  examine  the  circuit  carefully  for  trouble  before  re- 
placing a  blown  fuse.  Use  only  approved  one-time  or 
renewable  fuses.  The  practice  of  "doctoring"  fuses  or 
using  jumpers  should  not  be  tolerated. 

14.  Shop  and  Repair  Equipment 

Definite  drawers,  hooks,  or  shelves  are  provided  for 
all  tools.  When  leaving  shift,  or  upon  completion  of  any 
repair  work,  always  clean  and  return  all  tools  to  their 
proper  places  and  see  that  no  shortage  is  apparent. 

107 


The  operators  and  other  employes  should  notify  the 
Superintendent  whenever  there  are  any  tools  unaccounted 
for  or  in  improper  condition. 

15.  Company  Houses 

The  houses  in  which  we  live  are  a  part  of  ourselves 
and  by  their  general  appearance  and  the  care  bestowed 
upon  them  reflect  the  general  character  and  disposition 
of  the  occupants.  So  to  a  great  extent  we  find  ourselves 
judged  by  the  appearance  of  our  houses. 

In  the  case  where  the  Company  is  the  owner  of  the 
house  it  should  be  considered  in  all  respects  the  same  as 
any  landlord.  There  is  no  lease,  but  the  house  is  for 
your  occupancy  so  long  as  you  remain  in  the  employ  of 
the  Company  in  your  present  capacity.  However,  as 
there  is  a  definite  charge  each  month  on  the  books  of 
the  Company  due  to  the  investment  made  to  provide  a 
house,  it  is  hoped  that  you  will  appreciate  this  and  en- 
deavor to  keep  your  house  in  first  class  condition. 

Leaky  plumbing  and  faucets,  broken  window  panes, 
small  pieces  of  plastering  knocked  off,  paint  scraped  and 
scratched  and  various  other  small  items  are  included  in 
repairs  necessary  and  should  be  taken  care  of  at  the 
expense  of  the  tenant. 

Regular  periodic  inspection  of  the  houses  will  be 
made  by  the  Superintendent,  the  same  as  is  made  on  all 
Company  property  for  which  he  is  responsible,  to  see  that 
they  are  being  properly  maintained  and  not  abused. 

COOPER  ANDERSON, 

APPROVED:  Superintendent  of  Power. 

MARKHAM  CHEEVER 

General  Superintendent  and  Chief  Engineer. 

108 


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and  are  fully  understood  by  the  undersigned: 

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The  foregoing  instructions  have  been  carefully  read 
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The  foregoing  instructions  have  been  carefully  read 
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The  foregoing  instructions  have  been  carefully  read 
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The  foregoing  instructions  have  been  carefully  read 
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The  foregoing  instructions  have  been  carefully  read 
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INSTRUCTIONS  IN  ADDI- 
TION TO  THOSE  IN  THIS 
BOOK  AND  SPECIAL  TO 
EACH  PLANT  WILL  BE 
FOUND  IN  SEPARATE  BOOKS 
ENTITLED  TO  THAT  EFFECT. 


XCI04536 


